Roman Culture During The Roman Era - 1425 Words

If one were to ask any person what first comes to mind when they think of Roman civilisation, most people would instantly respond with the Colosseum in Rome, or the Gladiatorial games. The Colosseum in Rome was a symbol of the power and wealth that Rome possessed at the height of her glory, and even today, the amphitheatre dominates the surrounding area, and draws the eye like nothing else. Roman amphitheatres became synonymous with the spread of roman culture throughout the empire, and as such are an excellent case for understanding the spread of roman engineering practices as well as colonization of new territories. A roman amphitheatre is a large freestanding structure, often oval or circular, which was built by Romans, primarily for the purpose of entertainment. Amphitheatres housed a variety of spectacles, such as gladiatorial games, or executions of prisoners. The roman ruling elite understood that in order to keep the populace happy and complacent, they needed to be provided with nourishment for both the body and for the mind. As such, those who belonged the roman ruling class, the equestrians, would often fund spectacles for roman citizens of lower classes to attend, and be entertained by. The history: Some of the earliest Roman amphitheatres date to the republic period, however, the majority of the most well-known were built during the imperial period. The word amphitheatre comes from the latin â€Å"amphitheatrum† meaning theatre in the round, whichShow MoreRelatedRoman Art : A Picture Book By Christine Alexander Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pages The Roman Republic is famous for many events, people, and histories. In fact, there have been numerous excavations in which a variety of pottery, paintings, mosaics, statues, and coinage have been discovered from the Republic era of Rome. 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Under Roman law, the male headRead MoreFlorence Was The Birthplace Of The Italian Renaissance898 Words   |  4 PagesRenaissance was a period in history unlike most others; this was an era of ingenuity, expansion, and enlightenment that would revolutionize both society as the people of the Renaissance knew it to be, and as the future generations of individuals across the globe understand it today. Florence held itself out to be the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance, yet the people of this renaissance era never lost sight of the Greek and Roman heritage. The following essay will discuss the varying ways in whichRead MoreCultural Influence Of The Early Medieval Era1570 Words   |  7 Pagesone culture to another; a cultures influence on another can impact things such as stylistic transition, and transfer of subject matter. The combination of local traditions and newly introduced ideas will allow for new types of artwork to be prod uced. Artwork during the Early Medieval era, Romanesque era, and Gothic era demonstrates how local and imported ideas intermingle to produce new things. In order to fully express the idea of cultures integrating local ideas with ideas of other cultures to formRead MoreChristianity And Judaism During The 19th Century888 Words   |  4 Pagesoccupy Roman culture. During the transportation of a Jewish prisoner named Paul of Tarsus to Rome, it can be seen that religion was just one of the major concerns during this time. Founded in the eighth century B.C.E., Rome was originally a small city-state ruled by one king. Eventually, Rome established itself as the dominant power in the Mediterranean basin by instituting an aristocratic republic government. Roman civilization changed drastically politically, economically, and culturally during theRead MoreThe Pax Romana Era Was A Time Of Peace And Prosperity Throughout1618 Words   |  7 Pages The Pax Romana era was a time of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman empire. This era benefitted Rome in varying aspects of everyday life, including architecture, establishing social structures, both political and in home life, uniting the nation through religion and Christian teachings, expanding borders, creating places for worship and entertainment, and establishing a successful subsistence strategy led by agriculture. When looking at the Pax Romana era and how it was the most beneficialRead MoreArt Of The Greeks And Romans1091 Words   |  5 PagesYouth to Wisdom: Art of the Greeks and Romans â€Å"The city’s empire stretched from the western Mediterranean to the Black Sea, creating enormous wealth† (Art of the Ancient Mediterranean). Though that statement speaks to Greece under Athens governance of the 5th century B.C., it also accurately reflects the rule of the Roman Empire during the Roman Republic. Having conquered all around them, the Greeks and the Romans at the height of their empires governed vast territories, which allowed for the gatheringRead MoreComparison Between Greece And Greece1376 Words   |  6 Pagesother, cultures mingled and ideas were shared. Greece and Rome in a sense were sister, but not twins. Sitting on the craggy Balkan Peninsula is a collection of powerful city-states known as Greece. Often credited as the birthplace of western culture, Greek culture shaped the western world into what it is today. Western philosophy, literature, mathematics, history, drama, medicine, and democracy all find their roots in the Hellenistic world. If Greece is the birthplace of European culture, Rome isRead MoreArt And Its Impact During The Era Of The Roman Empire1468 Words   |  6 Pagesthe human creativity, skills, and unrivalled drawing techniques put together to create something that people can be fond of for centuries. Without a doubt, art is unique, and its impact was most influential in the era of the Roman Empire, Classical Greece, Etruscan civilization, Roman Republic, and Hellenistic Greece among others. Quite a number of artworks, especially sculptures, drawings, and special vessels have been preserved for the present generation, and to date, they still attract viewershipRead MoreThe Classical Style Of The Ancient Greece And The United States1141 Words   |  5 Pagescentury, has had a universal impact on many cultures during previous time periods. 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Australian Current Economic Situation Free Essays

Australian Current Economic Situation The current Australian economy is performing significantly well and the future prospects looks positive, given the unfavourable global environment. Australia continues to be a world leader in the global recovery, with lower unemployment, lower debt and stronger growth than other countries. Australia’s economy is expected to grow by 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Australian Current Economic Situation or any similar topic only for you Order Now 25 percent in late 2010 and 3. 75 percent in 2011 (Table 1) (RBA, 2010). This follows a further growth in employment with jobs increasing by 353,200 over the past year (Wayne Swan, 2010). However due to global uncertainty, consumer confidence and the increased financial market volatility could start to impact on the growth of Australia. Table 1: Output Growth and Inflation Forecasts Per cent, over year to quarter shown | Dec2009| June2010| Dec2010| June2011| Dec2011| June2012| Dec2012| GDP growth| 2. 7| 2? | 3? | 3? | 3? | 3? | 4| Non-farm GDP growth| 2. 5| 2? | 3? | 3? | 3? | 3? | 4| CPI inflation| 2. 1| 3? | 3? | 3| 2? | 3| 3| Underlying inflation| 3? | 2? | 2? | 2? | 2? | 3| 3| Source: RBA, 2010 The early stages of the economic recovery shows the pace of growth remains uneven with some advanced economies still fragile, with concerns with US growth and European debt , while Asia is rapidly growing with growth forecasts for China from 10. 0 to 10. 5 percent in 2010 (Wayne Swan, 2010). Due to this growth and support of Asia, public investment and exports will be the key growth engines for Australia in 2011 and 2012, along with the housing construction boom (Rowan Callick, 2010). This will follow an increase in GDP and will continue to strengthen with the help of the monetary and fiscal stimulus by increasing consumer confidence through supporting the economy, which in turn will increase spending in households. The strong recovery in the Asian region has helped Australia emerge from the global downturn and has dramatically increased Australia’s main commodities prices in iron ore and coal and will continue to increase over the next decade. The Australian Bureau of Statistics displays a 23 percent rise in the value of iron and copper ore exports and a 15 percent increase for coal, which is mainly due to the increasing volume (The China Post, 2010). This has doubled the forecasts to post a record monthly trade surplus of 3. 54 billion dollars in June 2010 (AFP, 2010). Terms of trade are forecasted to increase further while there will be a medium term decline, as supply expansions come online and increasing prices of steel dampen end-user demands (Graph 1)(RBA, 2010). Graph 1: Terms of trade Source: RBA, 2010 Due to the higher terms of trade, higher income will be evident and therefore nominal GDP is forecasted to grow by close to 10 per cent over 2010 (RBA, 2010). The high level of commodity prices and the terms of trade are contributing to a strong outlook for investment in the mining sector, with high demands from China. Although the introduction of mining tax threatens investment’s and future exploration in Australia (Philip Kirchlechner, 2010). The Reserve Bank of Australia left its interest rate unchanged at 4. percent on the third of august 2010, as the headline inflation rate came in at 3. 1 percent, while the underlying inflation rate fell to 2. 7 percent. (David Olsen, 2010) This is within the RBAs target range, meaning it rules out an interest rate increase. Headline and underlying inflation rates are forecasted to be 2. 75 percent by Dec 2011 and to reach 3 percent by June 2012. (Table 1) (RBA, 2010). With jobs increasing over the past year more consum ers are working, meaning job security is much stronger, as the unemployment rate has declined and is expected to fall further in the year ahead. Consumer attitudes have improved in the past month, which may have been impacted by the interest rate staying put, but there are still not enough signs that consumers want to open their wallets more widely and start spending more. This could also be impacted by the doubt of higher interest rates, as there are concerns about the health and uncertainty of the global economy and increasing utility charges and council rates are establishing more conservative spending and borrowing approaches (Craig James, 2010). Australia’s unemployment rate in July 2010 was 5. 3 percent and is reported by National Australia Bank chief economist Allan Oster to further fall to 4. 5 percent over the course of the next 12 months (Graph 2) (Lexi Metherell, 2010). Furthermore Australia unemployment rate is lower than other major countries in the world with the United States having an unemployment rate of 9. 5 percent in July 2010 (Swan w. and Tanner L, 2010). Graph 2: Unemployment rate Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010 References * AFP, 2010. Commodities drive record Australia trade surplus. [Online] Available at:lt;http://www. google. com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hUrzVBXJkBd80gIbVHZbWlsK-Tmwgt; [Accessed 14 August 2010]. * Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010. Labour Force, Australia. [Online] Available at:lt;http://www. abs. gov. au/ausstats/abs@. nsf/mf/6202. 0gt; [Accessed 16 August 2010]. * Craig James, 2010. Weakest spending since global financial crisis. [Online] Available at: lt;http://www. switzer. com. u/business-news/news-stories/weakest-spending-since-global-financial-crisis/gt; [Accessed 16 August 2010]. * David Olsen, 2010. RBA rate rise ruled out as inflation fall. [Online] Available at: lt;http://www. dynamicbusiness. com. au/articles/articles-finance-cash-flow/rba-rate-rise-abs-june-cpi-inflation-data-1849. htmlgt; [Accessed 15 August 2010]. * Lexi Metherell, 2010. Unemployment tipped to stay steady. [Online] Available at: lt;http://www. abc. net. au/news/stories/2010/08/12/29 80536. htmgt; [Accessed 16 August 2010]. * RBA, 2010, Economic Outlook. Online) Available at: lt;http://www. rba. gov. au/publications/smp/2010/may/pdf/eco-outlook. pdfgt; [Accessed 14 August 2010]. * Rowan Callick, 2010. Asian boom will support our long-term picture. [Online] Available at:lt; http://www. theaustralian. com. au/business/asian-boom-will-support-our-long-term-picture/story-e6frg8zx-1225905071813gt; [Accessed 14 August 2010]. * Swan w. and Tanner L. , (2010), Economics Statement, July, 2010, Canberra: Department of Treasury, July, 2010. * The China Post, 2010. (Online) How to cite Australian Current Economic Situation, Papers

Understanding of the Functions and Aims of Tribunals

Question: Demonstration of a clear understanding of how a tribunal works in practice and how it achieves the purposes for which it was established. Explain the issues surrounding use of precedent by tribunals. Answer: Introduction In United Kingdom, Employment Tribunals (also referred to as the Tribunal') have the status of an independent judicial body which serves to resolve disputes arising between the employers and employees in connection with the rights of employment. These Tribunals hear the claims concerning matters of employment, for instance, matters concerning redundancy, wages, unfair dismissal, and discrimination. The procedures of the Employment Tribunals are not as formal as that of the courts. For instance, it is not necessary to wear a gown at an Employment Tribunal. Like courts, the proceedings of the Tribunal are open for public access, and the evidence is given on affirmation or under oath. Details about Proceedings at the Tribunal The Tribunals have their own rules of procedure. Evidence at the Tribunals is assessed on the basis of the balance of probabilities. The claimants or the respondents do not have to prove their case beyond reasonable doubt. At the hearings, the Tribunals interrogate the witnesses, who are questioned under oath rather than providing written statements. Questions are put to the witnesses in an informal manner. Cross- examination of the witnesses is also conducted by the other party. Generally, the decisions are delivered by the Tribunal at the conclusion of the proceedings, on the day of the hearing itself. However, at times, if the cases are complex, the decision is announced after a few days. The said copy of the decision is forwarded to both the parties. If any party is not satisfied with the decision, it may either prefer an appeal to an Employment Appeal Tribunal or it may require the Tribunal to review the decision. Appeals should be preferred, if any, within a period of six weeks from the date of the decision and must always be based on points of law (Cushway, 2010). The proceeding that I observed was regarding unfair dismissal of an employee. The claimant, Mrs. Hargreaves used to work as a riding instructor. Some horses were used for giving the riding lessons, and others were kept to be used by clients against payment of fees. On one occasion, Mr. Hargreaves asked her manager for a sit on permission for her niece. The manager agreed to it. Later it was discovered that the child was only four years old, and the minimum age for riding happened to be five. Disciplinary proceedings were initiated against Mrs. Hargreaves for this conduct. Many other charges were leveled against her in the proceedings, and she was dismissed. At the hearing, Mrs. Hargreaves accepted that she did not comply with the rules strictly and that she did not regard it to be a strict requirement for an informal sit on. The Tribunal decided that Mrs. Hargreaves did not intentionally lie about the age of the child, and she was just mistaken. Moreover, since she was unaware of the issue of insurance, she did not consider the age of the child to be significant. The Tribunal concluded that the company was at fault for having dismissed Mrs. Hargreaves and ordered for reinstatement of her services. Appeal Procedure of the Tribunal In case a party to an employment dispute is not satisfied with the decision of the Employment Tribunal, it may prefer an appeal to the Employment Appellate Tribunal. The grounds on which an appeal may be preferred before an Employment Appellate Tribunal (also referred to as the EAT) are as follows; Application of improper laws Incorrect procedures have been followed The decision has not been reasoned The decision reflects biased attitude on the part of the Tribunal The appeal must be filed within six weeks from the date on which the decision was communicated to the parties. To initiate an appeal against a decision of the Tribunal, a Notice of Appeal must be served on the Employment Appellate Tribunal. The following details must be stated in the Notice of Appeal; Information about the parties The points of law on the basis of which the appeal has been filed The order that the appellant expects the EAT to deliver Documents, such as the original claim and response, the decision, and reasons of the Tribunal Purpose of Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanism The reasons that weigh in favor of adoption of Alternative Dispute Resolution methods are as follows; These ADR mechanisms appear to be much cheaper as compared to court proceedings. Decisions are passed by the adjudicating authority of the ADRs quicker than the court. These mechanisms are non-adversarial. Mediation that is one of the ADR mechanisms tries to arrive at a mutually agreeable point rather than the court that makes one party a winner and the other a loser. ADR mechanisms are very flexible. The parties are free to decide on their own rules and also the laws that they want to abide by. Owing to the above-stated reasons, we may say that at present the ADR mechanisms have become very popular amongst the business entities. The Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (also referred to as the Acas) The Acas is a non-departmental public body of the Government of the United Kingdom. The aim of this body is to improve the working conditions of the organizations by way of promoting and facilitating tough industrial relations (Turner, 2013). This body achieves its objecting by various ADR methods like arbitration, mediation, and conciliation. The Acas is an impartial body that does not part ways with one side but renders decisions that appear to be acceptable to both parties concerned. The Acas intends to prevent problems from arising by way of telephone help lines and organizing training sessions (Parker, 2002). The Acas is considered to be a successful means of resolution of disputes owing to the following reasons; It improves the relations between employers and employees and prevents conflicts by way of providing Codes of Practice and also rendering guidance as regards, drafting of employment contracts or suggesting the employers ways to avoid disputes, etc. It provides training so as to enable the employers and employees to abide by its Code of Practice It provides conciliation services to the parties in dispute. Befoe a claim is filed with an Employment Tribunal, parties must notify the Acas. It tries to establish a mutually agreeable solution to the problems of the parties so that the potential time, costs and stress of undergoing the Tribunal system may be avoided. It also renders collective conciliation services to enable the employers and employees to reach mutually agreeable solutions to problems that affect groups of employees. It provides mediation services to enable the organizations for resolution of conflicts that arise amongst individuals within organizations. Conclusion We may conclude the aforesaid discussion by stating that the Employment Tribunals with the aid of the Acas has come a long way in resolving disputes arising between employers and employees with respect to rights of employment. References Cushway, B. (2010). The employer's handbook. London: Kogan Page. Cushway, B. (2014). The Employer's Handbook 2014-15. London: Kogan Page. Cushway, B. and Hallsworth, I. (2012). The employer's handbook 2012-13. London: Kogan Page. Mangan, D. (2013). Employment Tribunal Reforms to Boost the Economy. Industrial Law Journal, 42(4), pp.409-421. Martin, D. (2011). The A-Z of employment practice. London: Thorogood. Parker, G. (2002). Employment Appeals Tribunal. https://www.employmentappeals.gov.uk. Occupational Medicine, 52(3), pp.171-171. Phillips, J. (1978). Some Notes on the Employment Appeal Tribunal. Industrial Law Journal, 7(1), pp.137-142. Taylor, S. and Emir, A. (2009). Employment law. Oxford: New York. Turner, C. (2013). Unlocking Employment Law. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Urwin, P., Buscha, F. and Latreille, P. (2013). Representation in UK Employment Tribunals: Analysis of the 2003 and 2008 Survey of Employment Tribunal Applications (SETA). British Journal of Industrial Relations, 52(1), pp.158-184.