Biography of Lope de Aguirre, Madman of El Dorado

Life story of Lope de Aguirre, Madman of El Dorado Lope de Aguirre was a Spanish conquistador present during a great part of the infighting among the Spanish in and around Peru in the mid-sixteenth century. He is most popular for his last campaign, the quest for El Dorado, on which he mutinied against the pioneer of the undertaking. When he was in charge, he went frantic with neurosis, requesting the rundown executions of huge numbers of his allies. He and his men announced themselves free from Spain and caught Margarita Island off the bank of Venezuela from frontier specialists. Aguirre was later captured and executed. Starting points of Lope de Aguirre Aguirre was conceived at some point somewhere in the range of 1510 and 1515 (records are poor) in the small Basque area of Guipã ºzcoa, in northern Spain on the fringe with France. By his own record, his folks were not rich but rather had some respectable blood in them. He was not the oldest sibling, which implied that even the humble legacy of his family would be denied to him. In the same way as other youngsters, he went to the New World looking for distinction and fortune, trying to follow in the strides of Hernn Cortã ©s and Francisco Pizarro, men who had ousted domains and increased tremendous riches. Lope de Aguirre in Peru It is felt that Aguirre left Spain for the New World around 1534. He showed up after the expected time for the tremendous riches that went with the triumph of the Inca Empire, however without a moment to spare to get involved in the numerous rough polite wars that had broken out among the enduring individuals from Pizarros band. An able fighter, Aguirre was popular by the different groups, despite the fact that he would in general pick traditionalist causes. In 1544, he safeguarded the system of Viceroy Blasco N㠺ã ±ez Vela, who had been entrusted with the usage of incredibly disliked new laws which gave more prominent insurance to locals. Judge Esquivel and Aguirre In 1551, Aguirre surfaced in Potosã ­, the rich mining town in present-day Bolivia. He was captured for mishandling Indians and condemned by Judge Francisco de Esquivel to a lashing. It is obscure what he did to justify this, as Indians were routinely manhandled and even killed and discipline for mishandling them was uncommon. As indicated by legend, Aguirre was so exasperated at his sentence that he followed the appointed authority for the following three years, tailing him from Lima to Quito o Cusco before at last finding him and killing him in his rest. The legend says that Aguirre didn't have a pony and in this way followed the adjudicator by walking the whole time. The Battle of Chuquinga Aguirre put in a couple of more years partaking in more uprisings, presenting with the two dissidents and traditionalists at various occasions. He was condemned to death for the homicide of a senator yet later absolved as his administrations were expected to put down the uprising of Francisco Hernndez Girã ³n. It was about this time his whimsical, vicious conduct earned him the moniker Aguirre the Madman. The Hernndez Girã ³n resistance was put down at the skirmish of Chuquinga in 1554, and Aguirre was severely injured: his correct foot and leg were disabled and he would stroll with a limp for an incredible remainder. Aguirre during the 1550s By the late 1550s, Aguirre was a harsh, precarious man. He had battled in incalculable uprisings and encounters and had been seriously injured, however he didn't have anything to appear for it. Near fifty years of age, he was as poor as he had been the point at which he left Spain, and his fantasies of brilliance in the success of rich local realms had evaded him. The sum total of what he had was a little girl, Elvira, whose mother is obscure. He was known as an intense battling man yet had gained notoriety for viciousness and shakiness. He felt that the Spanish crown had overlooked men like him and he was getting frantic. The Search for El Dorado By 1550 or somewhere in the vicinity, a great part of the New World had been investigated, however there were as yet colossal holes in what was known about the geology of Central and South America. Many put stock in the fantasy of El Dorado, the Golden Man, who was apparently a lord who secured his body with gold residue and who administered over an astonishingly affluent city. In 1559, the Viceroy of Peru affirmed a campaign to scan for the incredible El Dorado, and around 370 Spanish officers and a couple hundred Indians were put under the order of youthful aristocrat Pedro de Ursã ºa. Aguirre was permitted to sign up and was made an elevated level official dependent on his experience. Aguirre Takes Over Pedro de Ursã ºa was only the kind of individual Aguirre disdained. He was ten or fifteen years more youthful than Aguirre and had significant family associations. Ursã ºa had brought along his courtesan, a benefit denied to the men. Ursã ºa made them battle involvement with the Civil Wars, yet not close to as much as Aguirre. The endeavor set out and started investigating the Amazon and different waterways in the thick rainforests of eastern South America. The undertaking was a disaster from the beginning. There were not a single affluent urban communities in sight, just threatening locals, malady and very little food. After a short time, Aguirre was the casual pioneer of a gathering of men who needed to come back to Peru. Aguirre constrained the issue and the men killed Ursã ºa. Fernando de Guzmn, a manikin of Aguirre, was placed in order of the undertaking. Autonomy From Spain His order total, Aguirre did a most amazing thing: he and his men proclaimed themselvesâ the new Kingdom of Peru, free from Spain. He named Guzmn Prince of Peru and Chile. Aguirre, in any case, turned out to be progressively suspicious. He requested the passing of the cleric that had went with the endeavor, trailed by Inã ©s de Atienza (Ursã ºas darling) and afterward even Guzmn. He in the end would arrange the execution of each individual from the campaign with any respectable blood at all. He brought forth a distraught arrangement: he and his men would make a beeline for the coast, and discover their approach to Panama, which they would assault and catch. From that point, they would strike out at Lima and guarantee their Empire. Isla Margarita The initial segment of Aguirres plan went genuinely well, particularly considering it was concocted by a psycho and completed by a battered bundle of half-starved conquistadores. They advanced toward the coast by following the Orinoco River. At the point when they showed up, they had the option to mount an ambush on the little Spanish settlement at Isla Margarita and catch it. He requested the demise of the senator and upwards of fifty local people, including ladies. His men plundered the little settlement. They at that point went to the terrain, where they arrived at Burburata before going to Valencia: the two towns had been cleared. It was In Valencia that Aguirre formed his acclaimed letter to Spanish King Philip II. Aguirres Letter to Philip II In July of 1561, Lope de Aguirre sent a conventional letter to the King of Spain clarifying his explanations behind proclaiming autonomy. He felt sold out by the King. After numerous hard yearsâ ofâ service to the crown, he didn't have anything to appear for it, and he likewise makes reference to having seen numerous steadfast men executed for bogus violations. He singled out appointed authorities, clerics and frontier civil servants for exceptional disdain. The general tone is that of a steadfast subject who had been headed to revolt by imperial lack of concern. Aguirres suspicion is obvious even in this letter. After perusing ongoing dispatches from Spain concerning the counter-Reformation, he requested the execution of a German warrior in his organization. Philip IIs response to this memorable archive is obscure, despite the fact that Aguirre was more likely than not dead when he got it. Attack on the Mainland Regal powers endeavored to subvert Aguirre by offering exonerations to his men: all they needed to do wasâ desert. A few did, even before Aguirres distraught attack on the terrain, sneaking off and taking little vessels to advance toward wellbeing. Aguirre, by then down to around 150 men, proceeded onward to the town of Barquisimeto, where he wound up encompassed by Spanish powers faithful to the King. His men, as anyone might expect, desertedâ en masse, disregarding him with his girl Elvira. The Death of Lope de Aguirre Encircled and confronting catch, Aguirre chose to murder his girl, so she would be saved the detestations that anticipated her as the little girl of a trickster to the crown. At the point when another lady wrestled with him for his harquebus, he dropped it and wounded Elvira to death with a blade. Spanish soldiers, fortified by his own men, immediately cornered him. He was quickly caught before his execution was requested: he was shot before being cleaved into pieces. Various bits of Aguirre were sent to encompassing towns. Lope de Aguirres Legacy Despite the fact that Ursã ºas El Dorado endeavor was bound to fizzle, it might not have been an express disaster notwithstanding Aguirre and his franticness. It is evaluated that Lope either executed or requested the passing of 72 of the first Spanish wayfarers. Lope de Aguirre didn't figure out how to oust Spanish standard in the Americas, yet he left an intriguing inheritance. Aguirre was neither the first nor the main conquistador to denounce any and all authority and endeavor to deny the Spanish crown of the illustrious fifth (one-fifth of all riches from the New World was constantly held for the crown). Lope de Aguirres most obvious inheritance might be in the realm of writing and film. Numerous authors and chiefs have discovered motivation in the story of a psycho driving a group of covetous, hungry men through thick wildernesses trying to topple a ruler. There have been a bunch of books expounded on Aguirre, among them Abel Posses Daimà ³n (1978) and Miguel Otero Silvas Lope de Aguirre, prã ­ncipe de laâ libertadâ (1979). There have been three endeavors to make films about Aguirres El Dorado undertaking. The best by a long shot is the 1972 German effort Aguirre, Wrath of God, featuring Klaus Kinski as Lope de Aguirre and coordinated by Werner Hertzog. There is likewise the 1988 El Dorado, a Spanish film via Carlos Saura. All the more as of late, the low

BUSINESS LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

BUSINESS LAW - Essay Example For our situation, Colin’s Computer (CC) is a PC carport offering fix administrations for PCs having a place with different associations, as a byproduct of a regularly scheduled installment. Colin’s Computers promotes its administrations through their site and through a neighborhood day by day, which arrives at the expected associations that have the requirement for Computer fix, among them, Geoff’s Gym (GG). In the wake of accepting the data with respect to CC’s administrations and the rebate offer they are providing for their new clients, GG chooses to go for the administrations and satisfy the vital conditions that were joined by CC, so it could profit by the contribution. Notwithstanding, as it turned out, GG never got the fix administrations for its PCs from CC, which generally didn't get the letter that should have been sent either through mail, content or post; to affirm the offer. The events that trails GG finds the administrations of CC and select s to buy them are the topic of this conversation, with an emphasis on whether an agreement happened, who is obligated for the break of the agreement, and whether the agreement is enforceable through an official courtroom, if at all it happened. ... reat, it welcomed the associations needing PC fix administrations to make an offer, which would thusly be acknowledged by CC, in view of the satisfaction of specific conditions. The conditions connected for a proposal to become total were; that the association needing the administrations would contact CC either through mail, post or content before eighth June and educate them regarding the authoritative date the association might want the administrations to start. On its side, GG posted a letter on third June and followed the letter up, with a call to affirm to CC that the letter of offer had been posted. In any case, it worked out that the letter was not get by CC, that is the reason CC didn't go to offer the fix administrations to GG’s PCs. The realities of this case demonstrate that an offer was made, yet the relating necessity of acknowledgment didn't happen (Simpson, 1987). As indicated by the decision of the case in Partridge Vs Crittenden (1968), the presentation of pro ducts by the dealer doesn't add up to an offer, but instead a challenge to treat. The equivalent applies to a notice made by the vender. In this manner, in any event, when GG would need to implement the agreement dependent on the way that they had acknowledged the terms made by CC, by posting a letter before the expressed date, and even proceeded to line it up with a call, just to affirm that they had posted the letter, they are not in a situation to do this, on the grounds that the commercial made by CC on its sites and a neighborhood every day, in regards to its proposal of PC fix administrations, didn't add up to an offer, however a negligible greeting to treat (Koffman and Macdonald, 2007). Subsequently, in opposition to the conviction by GG that they had met the prerequisite of the agreement and along these lines CC was at risk to remunerate them for the penetrate of the agreement, the fact of the matter is unique. GG

Financial Statements How Does Currency Translation Work

Financial Statements How Does Currency Translation Work If your business entity operates in several countries, chances are you also use different currencies as part of your business operations. But when it comes to reporting your company’s finances through financial statement, you aren’t allowed to use more than one currency.In order to have your financial statements recorded in a single currency, you’ll need to perform currency translation. What does currency translation entail and what are the different methods used in the process? This guide will answer both of those questions and give you tips to avoid common mistakes associated with currency translation in your accounting procedure. © Shutterstock.com | file404In particular in this article, you will learn 1) what is currency translation, 2) why currency translation is needed and used, 3) the three steps of currency translation, 4) how the rates are determined, 5) avoiding the common mistakes, and 6) how to mitigate the risks of currency translation.WHAT IS CURRENCY TRANSLATION?Before we look at the definition of currency translation, it is a good idea to define some of the key terms used in the process. Below is a break down of the three key terms: currency, financial statements and exchange rates.What are currencies?Currency is a generally accepted form of money, which includes both coins as well as paper notes. It is issued by a specific government and circulated within the government’s jurisdiction.Currency is used as the medium of exchange when people deal with goods and services. It is essentially the basis for trade.Most countries of the world have their own currency. Some of the most known official cur rencies and their countries include:The US Dollar â€" United StatesThe Chinese Yuan â€" ChinaThe British Pound â€" the United KingdomWhile most countries in the world use their unique currency, there are some instances where different legislations might use the same currency. A number of European countries, such as France and Germany, use the Euro, for example.Nowadays, there are also currencies, which are not tied to any specific country or monetary union. For example, cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin are an example of these currencies.There are also other currency types, such as branded currencies and local currencies. But currency translation mainly deals with the tradable currencies.What are financial statements?A business, individual or other such entity must keep a formal record of their financial activities. This is often for taxation purposes and these records are called financial statements.The most common financial statements for business include:Income statementsBalance s heetStatements of retained earnings and cash flowCurrency translation might show in all of these statements, although it is most essential for balance sheet reporting.What are exchange rates?Exchange rates are used in order to state the price of a specific currency in another currency. It has two separate components: the domestic currency and the foreign currency.Most exchange rates use the US dollar as the base currency, but the Euro is also often used for this purpose.Exchange rates fluctuate almost daily. It is important to understand this, as currency translation might require you to use a specific exchange rate from the past. You can find out different exchange rates through services such as XE.The definition of currency translationIn short, the definition of currency translation refers to the process of quoting the amount of money in one currency in the denomination of another currency. Companies typically need this process as part of their financial record keeping. Currency t ranslation is often used in balance sheets.Companies, which operate in different countries, tend to have to use different currencies as part of their bookkeeping. For example, a company which is headquartered in the US would mainly use the US dollar in its accounting. But it might also receive part of its revenue from sales in the United Kingdom. These sales would naturally use the British pound.But for accounting, the company has to use only one currency and therefore it needs to translate the British pound into US dollar.Currency translation must be recorded on the company’s balance sheet as an equity account. In some instances, such as in the case of large banks, the translation will be recorded as equity capital. The difference between functional and operation currencyMultinational companies can use different currencies for its operations. These are often referred to as the operational currencies.But for accounting purposes, the company also has to have a functional currency, which is the primary type of money the company uses. Most companies tend to use the currency of the nation they are headquartered as the functional currency. But this is not required and some companies choose to use a different currency â€" usually one that is the most relevant for its operations.WHY IS CURRENCY TRANSLATION NEEDED AND USED?As mentioned above, currency translations help a company create financial statements that feature a single currency. In fact, the governing tax authority often requires companies to only use one denominated currency as part of their recording procedure.While currency translation is typically mandatory process, there are certain benefits to currency translation as well. In the modern world, the multinational company is becoming the norm and even small- and medium-sized businesses tend to have cross-border operations. For these companies, currency translation will be essential.Using a single currency as part of financial statements will make these s tatements easier to read and analyze. It is near impossible to draw rational conclusions from a statement, which features more than one currency.THE THREE STEPS OF CURRENCY TRANSLATIONSo how does currency translation work in reality? In its essence, the process can be defined by three separate steps the company needs to take. These are:Determining the functional currency for the businessRe-measuring the financial statements of the business in the functional currencyRecording the gains and losses on the translation of currenciesTo make sense of each step, lets now look at the process in more detail.Step 1: Determining the functional currencyAs discussed above, companies must pick a functional currency and do all of the financial reporting in this single currency.While the functional currency is most often simply the company where the businesses main headquarters are, there are other ways to decide the functional currency. The other alternative often selects the functional currency ba sed on the currency majority of its operations are conducted.For example, while a company might have its headquarters in Brazil, its main business operations might take place in the US. Instead of using the Brazilian real, the business might choose to make the US dollar its functional currency.The above two ways of picking the functional currency are relatively straightforward. Problems might arise if the company operates in equal measure in separate locations outside of its country of residence. The company will just need to decide the most convenient currency under these circumstances.Furthermore, once a company decides its functional currency it shouldn’t make changes to it, at least not regularly. A change in functional currency should only take place in situations of significant change in economic facts and circumstances.Step 2: Re-measuring the financial statements in the functional currencyOnce the business has denominated its functional currency, it needs to ensure its fin ancial statements only use the selected currency. Instead of recording losses in separate headings for sales in separate currencies, the balance sheet shall feature sales only in the functional currency.Each aspect of the financial statement must be translated into the single currency. This involves calculating the total of the following items:The company’s assets and liabilitiesSpecific items in the income statement:Revenue, expenses, gains and lossesBusiness allocations such as depreciation and amortizationCash flowsFurthermore, it is crucial to keep a close eye on the dates in which any of the above transactions occurred. Currency translation often only occurs at the end of the financial year, but the rates you choose to use are determined by the transaction date in some instances.The following section will deal more on how the actual rates are determined in terms of calculating the currency translation. For now, it is important to note you might need to use the exchange rates from the past as well as present. Therefore, proper bank statements and income records are essential to ensure you use the right rates.Step 3: Recording the gains and losses on the currency translationFinally, currency translation often results in translation adjustments. These adjustments must be recorded on the company’s balance sheet as well. They are mentioned in the equity section of the balance sheet.Furthermore, the translation adjustment also requires the company to record the adjustment in the profit or loss statement of comprehensive income.HOW ARE THE RATES DETERMINED?As you are aware, exchange rates are constantly fluctuating. This fluctuation causes certain difficulties for companies, as they need to account for this in their currency translations.Instead of simply checking the current exchange rate when translating currencies, you might sometimes need to use different rates either for a specific period or even for a specific date.Below is a look at the different rate s companies need to use and the parts of the statement that fall under this specific calculation method:The average rate for the period â€"The average rate for a period refers to a calculated average exchange rate for the specific financial period. This is typically the financial year, as it is the basis for most financial statements. The average rate should be calculated by checking each rate during the period and dividing it by the number of these different rates. The average rate for the period is used for translation currencies for income statement accounts.The ending rate for the period â€" The ending rate for the period is the exchange rate at the end of the financial period. For example, if the financial year ends on December 31, the currency translation would use the exchange rate of this date. Liability and asset accounts use the ending rate for the period for currency translation. Nonetheless, fixed assets are not translated with the ending rate.The original historical rat e at the point of acquiring â€" The original historical rate at the point of acquiring simply uses the exchange rate of the date when the entry was created for the income statements. For example, if the qualifying transaction happened on July 7, even if the financial year ends on December 31, the exchange rate used should be from July 7. Fixed assets are always translated with the historical rate. It must be noted they also won’t be re-translated later on.Finally, you should keep in mind that equity accounts are generally never re-valued.The above rate calculations and methods are largely universal. But different companies might have slight differences as to which transactions should be recorded with which rate. It is a good idea to check with the responsible jurisdiction prior to currency translation to ensure you use the correct rates.AVOIDING THE COMMON MISTAKES IN CURRENCY TRANSLATIONAlthough the guidelines for currency translation have not evolved much in recent years, there are certain mistakes companies continue to make. These mistakes can naturally lead to misstatements in financial reporting and cause damage to the company’s bottom line. Overall, this leads to false statements and thus business results can be different from the real picture.In order to avoid regulatory scrutiny and to ensure your statements are correct, it is a good idea to look at these common mistakes. This way you can learn from them and ensure to avoid falling foul of them with your currency translation.Hiding gains and losses in comprehensive income instead of recognising in net incomeThe first mistake often involves companies misclassifying a foreign currency loss or gain in other comprehensive income instead of net income. This might not sound like a big issue, but it results in incorrect net income and hides the gain or loss in the account, resulting in missed changes in the equity part of the statement.This mistake is most persistent with companies that have an intercompa ny account and this account it recorded on the books of other units with different functional currencies.It is important to keep an eye on your company’s intercompany balance, especially if you have parties which record their specific balance in different currencies.Furthermore, recording the gains or losses in other comprehensive income is not always wrong. In situations where these gains and losses are essentially permanent, the gains and losses will be recorded on other comprehensive income instead of net income.Preparing the consolidated statement of cash flows based on amounts in the consolidated balance sheetWhile the cash flow transactions can be translated by using the average rate for the period, many experts think the statement should use the historical rates for each transaction. The problem arises because accountants often support the indirect method. While this indirect approach can work with smaller companies, it can be dangerous with larger companies with multiple e ntities.The indirect method used the historical average to calculate the cash flow. As mentioned above, you’ll use the average exchange rate for the period for translating the cash flow.But in many instances, this can lead to large-scale errors, as exchange rates can fluctuate quite a bit. Therefore, it is better to avoid using historical averages and instead use the historical rate for the specific transaction across all cash flow calculations.Not recognizing the need to modify accounting for translations in inflationary environmentsCompanies can sometimes end up operating in highly inflationary economies and this adds additional pressure to currency translation. But in many countries, such as the US, the general accounting rules require companies operating in a highly inflationary environment to re-measure as if the functional currency was the reporting currency of the business. This results in translation adjustments and changes slightly how the earnings are reported.A recent e xample of this was the Venezuelan economy, which received a highly inflationary status in 2009. Companies operating in the country would have had to change their reporting method in terms of currency translation, although some initially forgot to do so.HOW TO MITIGATE THE RISKS OF CURRENCY TRANSLATIONIt is possible to mitigate the risk of currency translation through three simple practices. By using the following three methods, you can reduce accounting risks and improve the accuracy of your financial statements.Implement proper accounting policiesFirst, it is essential to create clear accounting policies. This might sound obvious, but for companies operating in several different jurisdictions, this advice is essential. You need to have clear guidelines across the different entities to ensure the accounting practices used are universal across your company.It is especially important to create a proper set of currency translation guidelines. These can guarantee companies to prepare an d adjust to this at the initial phase to make currency translation later much more straightforward.Scrutinize your accountingYou should also check your current accounting procedures and make sure each unit complies with the main accounting procedure of your reporting country. You need to be able to check each individual accounting procedure and backtrack on the information provided with ease.Have appropriate internal controls to detect mistakesAccounting mistakes can happen, but the crucial thing is to limit them as much as possible. You want to create an internal system that acknowledges mistakes, instead of having a tax authority accuse you of reporting errors.The key is to ensure the internal controls focus tightly on the accounts in terms of net income and the currency translation account. This can guarantee your currency translation is a successful one.

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Essay on Religion in Beowulf - 814 Words

Jeff Paletta Mr. Manwell English 3 Period 3 A.M.D.G Soldier of God Warriors are considered among the bravest of men. In the Anglo-Saxon community, the warriors were of the most respected class, and made up the foundation for their way of living. Anglo-Saxon warriors would not stop fighting until either they were victorious or they were dead. Written during this Anglo-Saxon period, the epic Beowulf contains many pagan ideals, in addition to several references to Christian philosophy. Beowulf is a tale of dual ordeals; an external fight against treacherous enemies, and an internal struggle with human tendencies of pride, greed, cowardice, and betrayal. The story intertwines them with both pagan and Christian beliefs. The pride†¦show more content†¦In this sense, Beowulf represents an Anglo-Saxon warrior; the bravest of pagan soldiers who fight until the death. The first half of this dual ordeal is the internal conflict of human nature to be overcome by pride and greed. The characteristic of pride and its contradiction to Chr istian values gives a first look at the dichotomies of pride vs. humility and sacrifice vs. greed. In Herot, King Hrothgar reminds Beowulf that pride, untempered by humility, will result in the tragic fall. He also shares with Beowulf a second element of Christian philosophy; â€Å"wealth, accumulated through the grace of God, must be shared unselfishly.† The characteristic of greed is contradictory in Beowulf. At first, Beowulf is made out to be a selfless warrior; he fights Grendel and Grendels mother to ensure safety for his people, even if it means he will die. However, once the greed of Beowulf mixes with his pride, he loses that trait of selflessness. Beowulf lets his pride consume him, and begins to brag about what he has accomplished. Beowulf says â€Å"Grendel is no braver nor stronger than I am! I could kill him with my sword; I shall not...† (Beowulf 376) Beowulf starts to call himself the best soldier in the world, and that he is the only one that co uld kill Grendel. At this point, Beowulf is no longer fighting for the protection of his people, but rather for his own personal glory. TheShow MoreRelatedReligion in Beowulf1385 Words   |  6 PagesMin) Kim Dr. Hadley History 101 – Spring 2013 10 April 2013 Religion in Beowulf Throughout the story of Beowulf, the concept of religion plays a significant role. The Christianity ideology views state that man can survive and do great things through the protection of God. A strong desire of pride is also represented in the form of a hero in Beowulf, which in a sense goes against Christian morals. 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Beowulf is a story about a hero with supernatural powers. His strength surpasses any man, and he is the king of his people(the Sweden). Beowulf defeats and kills monsters to protect the people and the land of the Geats and Danes. Beowulf defeats the monster named Grendel. Grendel kills and eats Beowulf s men who sleep in

The implementation phase Free Essays

The execution stage involves the practical attack to a system. The construct which we have proposed is to be converted into the feasible signifier. This is the stage which is to the full dependent on the design stage. We will write a custom essay sample on The implementation phase or any similar topic only for you Order Now What we have designed is to be written, compiled and tested. Thus it is a stage which translates the design into the codification that really performs the undertaking. It may take several loops of the theoretical account to bring forth a on the job plan. Implementation besides affects the testing and care of the developed system. As plans get more complicated, proving and debugging entirely may non be plenty to bring forth dependable codification. Alternatively, it is required to compose plans in a mode that will guarantee that mistakes are caught or avoided. Implementation includes user presentment, user preparation, installing of hardware, installing of package onto production computing machines, and integrating of the system into day-to-day work processes. This stage continues until the system is runing in production in conformity with the defined user demands. As described earlier the tool used is MATLAB so the designing signifier is really easy. The separate codification has be en written for the happening the sentence similarity step and sentence bunch methods. In this chapter the construction of execution is described along with the assorted files which are involved in the execution of the undertaking. Figure 5.1 Summarization of Work The figure shows the that the anticipation will execute on the user petition so that the prefetched petition will direct as the answer. Implementation Stairss Here merely specify some stairss which was necessary at clip of execution. The work is implemented in a individual MATLAB file. In this work there is demand of a web log file Generate web log file:In this work at that place was a little web site implemented in php in order to bring forth web log has used. After running this web site web has generate on web waiter. Log Pre-Processing-Along with that of import information there is besides some inconsistent informations like noise, void value and other mistake information which is non so of import for web personalization so in order better web excavation consequence its demand to polish web log file before excavation. Data cleansing, user and session designation, informations integrating and so on are chief of import portion of log pre processing. Datas Cleaning: –In proposed methodological analysis informations cleaning procedure usage to recognized utile item and take unwanted and excess noise and shop in informations base after standardization. User A ; Session designation: – User and session designation is really of import measure towards web personalization by and large IP reference is used to separate but when there is an proxy waiter so figure of user holding same IP reference so some more attribute like browses information, runing system and Refer URI field is used as per concern. F-P tree for frequent page coevals: – Proposed algorithms used F-P growing [ 4 ] construct to bring forth frequent web page. F-P growing algorithms usage to bring forth frequent point set without demand to bring forthing candidate point set so it is really clip efficient to utilize F-P growing. Assignment of comparative weight-Proposed algorithms usage Weight regulation construct to delegate comparative weight to each page with regard to each other page. This comparative weight is use to stand for chance of page P petition merely after page Q. Weighted Markov matrix: – proposed algorithms usage M*M two dimensional tabular array to hive away comparative weight. M is entire figure of alone dealing /page that had be identify in above measure. for illustration comparative weight of P wrt Q is store at qth row and pth column so at clip pre bringing if q page is called so at qth row the page holding highest comparative weight is to be pre fetched with page Q. Consequences In this subdivision we attached the assorted screen shootings in order to demo the end products of the proposed work. As we discussed about the environment of execution these end products are generated by the MATLAB. Figure 5.1 is the first measure of our executing. This window has some option in order to pull out the coveted consequence. This GUI window generate with the executing of the codification. For this we have to run the MATLAB file from the bid window of MATLAB of merely snaping right of our mouse and choose the option of tally. Figure 5.1 Startup Window This window generated by put to deathing the.m file of codification which shows that this is a MATLAB file. Figure 5.2 shows the working of â€Å"Load Log File† button. This is besides a welcome window of the execution. Figure 5.2 First measure to run the codification When we click on the button â€Å"Load Log File† so our log file will lade in informations base. After lading the log file at that place will a message box appears as a welcome message every bit good as to conformed that information base has successfully loaded of the provided log file. Here pages which have the highest frequence of call will demo in â€Å"selected pages† . In this figure we can see the five pages. It means all users call these five pages largely. Now, get down the executation by snaping on the â€Å"Start† button. When we start the executation some other option will enable. First one is shown in this figure. Figure 5.3 Choice of Page After lading the log file first option â€Å"Select the naming page† will demo the list of all web pages avalabel in the log file. We need to choose the page for which Pre-fetching needed. Figure 5.3 shows the list of available pages. This is a run clip option which is enalbe after the snaping the start button for executing. These consequences can be change on the footing of user petition. These user petitions will alter the log file and there will be the possibility to alter the consequence of Pre-fetching the pages. Finally when we get these consequences as pages these pages will direct to the client side. Graph This graph shows the clip complexness of the assorted methods. It seems to us that the proposed method is more accurate than the other. Figure 5.4 Graph for clip complexness In this graph we have compare the clip complexness of assorted methods in order to prefetch the right page. As shows in graph there are many techniques have done this work in old clip. In footings of infinite we need big infinite so that it is non infinite efficient. This graph shows the infinite complexness of the old methods and the proposed method. Here proposed method has high infinite complexness. Figure 5.5 Graph to Show Space Complexity We need big size of infinite due to utilize of immense informations base. It besides need big infinite for high figure of regulations used for pre-fetching the page. Complexity Time Complexity-Proposed methodological analysis for taking determination refering pre-fetch page holding extra overhead clip needed to measuring the petition from any client. Existing Systolic tree construct uses systolic Tree to hive away comparative weight and clip taken for taking determination about pre-fetch page is O ( Log N ) where N is height of tree, whereas proposed technique uses 2D tabular array that take O ( 1 ) for pre-fetching individual page as shown in figure 5.4. The Table 5.1 gives the elaborate clip analysis between proposed technique, weighted regulation theoretical account and Markov Model. Table 5.1: Time Comparison Space Complexity– In footings of infinite proposed methodological analysis is moderate because it needs big infinite as compared to weighted tree methodological analysis but much lesser than field Markov theoretical account. Figure 5.5 shows the infinite complexness proposed technique, Weighted regulation and Markov theoretical account. Here the graph shows that the infinite complexness of proposed method is much lesser than markov theoretical account but small spot more than leaden tree Concept theoretical account. Table 5.2: Space Comparison Chapter 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK Decision There are big figure of web application has been used for the assorted intent. These applications should be good at its response clip. Therefore the web caching and web Pre-fetching are the attacks which can be applicable for the heightening the response clip of a web application. This paper is a appraisal on these attacks. These constructs come under the web excavation so here we besides covered the web excavation. This paper besides throws some visible radiation on the old work as in the related work. In related work we found that the web Pre-fetching can use on any web application. This attack can use with assorted schemes. In the current research a new method is proposed utilizing FP growing Tree and Markov Model. The proposed method is applied along with comparative weight construct for pre-fetching. The consequence analysis shows that proposed method utilizing FP Growth tree and Markov theoretical account have moderate clip and infinite complexness as comparison to old one. This method is besides best suited for pre-fetch the page of a web site as shown in the consequence. FUTURE WORK The thesis work is a solution in order to pre-fetch the web page every bit fast as possible. It is necessary to heighten the public presentation of the web waiter and supply the fast service to the clients. The proposed work is besides a measure to get the better of this job. The proposed theoretical account used two techniques to work out the above job in efficient mode. Consequences shows that proposed methodological analysis have high degree of infinite complexness. Graphs besides shows that regulation used in proposed method are small bit more than old techniques. The way for future work is to minimise the infinite complexness of this proposed technique. It is besides possible to cut down the regulations which can assist to get the better of the infinite complexness. How to cite The implementation phase, Essay examples

Was Prince Hamlet Wacko Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Was Prince Hamlet Wacko? Essay, Research Paper Was Prince Hamlet Wacko? Essay written by resdog @ mail.netzero.net In Shakespeare # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Hamlet # 8221 ; , the chief character offers a puzzling and equivocal character. Throughout the drama, Hamlet frequently contradicts himself. He seems to equilibrate the virtuousnesss of # 8220 ; playing a function # 8221 ; , with being true to himself. Further cogent evidence of these conflicting characters are demonstrated by his actions and inactivities. The ambiguity noted here, lies in two conflicting idiosyncrasies displayed by the immature Hamlet: One that is absolutely unagitated and rational ; and another which displays lunacy. These conflicting behaviours are related within Hamlet # 8217 ; s internal struggle-to putting to death Claudius for retaliation of his male parents # 8217 ; slaying ; or move responsibly, and await farther cogent evidence of Claudius # 8217 ; guilt. Throughout the drama, Hamlet seesaws on the threshold of insanity induced by his actions, or inactivities. Hamlet # 8217 ; s saneness is clarified, in the first act, by statements and feelings expressed within his duologue. We will write a custom essay sample on Was Prince Hamlet Wacko Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When asked about his down visual aspect and demeanour by Gertrude, Hamlet answers, # 8220 ; Seems, dame? Nay, it is. I know non # 8220 ; seems # 8221 ; ( 1037, line 76 ) . This relates the thought that Hamlet is # 8216 ; what he appears to be # 8217 ; . Subsequently, he clearly makes a statement about his mental wellness when he commits himself to revenge his male parent # 8217 ; s slaying. This quotation mark allows the reader to follow Hamlet # 8217 ; s train of idea in respects to his function as pupil, mourning boy, and Prince to the throne: # 8220 ; I # 8217 ; ll pass over off all fiddling fond records, All proverbs of books, all signifiers, all force per unit areas past That young person and observation copied at that place, And thy commandment all entirely shall populate Within the book and volume of my encephalon # 8221 ; ( 1054, line 100 ) . Hamlet is saying his extreme committedness to nil short of retaliation of his male parents # 8217 ; decease. At this occasion in the drama, there is small uncertainty about his province of head, or purposes. However, the following act belies Hamlet # 8217 ; s saneness and ground. In act two, Hamlet appears once more, although it now becomes apparent he has lost the strong belief he demonstrated earlier-to complete his fate as prescribed by the shade of his male parent. During this act, Hamlet spends most of his clip reading and speaking with Polonius, Guildenstern, Rosencrantz, and the participants. Not until the really terminal of this 2nd act, does Hamlet mention to his filial responsibility to revenge his male parent. Alternatively of transporting out the fate described by his male parents spirit-role of the vindictive son-Hamlet exhibits insane behaviours. This is illustrated by his statements to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, # 8220 ; I know not-lost my hilarity, forgone all usage of exercisings # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( 1071, line 282 ) . Hamlet so admits he is simply feigning insanity with, # 8220 ; I am but huffy north-north-west. When the air current is southern I know a hawk from a hand saw # 8221 ; ( 1073, line 350 ) . Admiting he is merely moving # 8220 ; mad # 8221 ; , implies he is unafraid with his secret plan. Hamlet besides seems to portray a willingness to accept this predicament with, # 8220 ; # 8230 ; for there is nil either good or bad but believing makes it so # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( 1070, line 241 ) . In this case, Hamlet is saying that behavior forms world. In act two, Hamlet is once more prompted towards vengeance-this clip by a affecting address delivered by one of the participants. Hamlet responds to this duologue with, # 8220 ; What # 8217 ; s Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba, That he should cry for her? What would he make Had he motor and cue for passion That I have? # 8221 ; ( 1078, line 515 ) . In this complement to this participant # 8217 ; s moving ability, Hamlet is stating that if he were such an histrion he would hold killed Claudius by now. Therein, lies the battle between moving, and existent retribution, that persists throughout the drama until the really terminal. At this minute, Hamlet avows to revenge his male parent, # 8220 ; I should ha # 8217 ; fatted all the part kites With this slave # 8217 ; s offal. Bloody, bawdry scoundrel! O, retribution! What an buttocks am I! This is most courageous, That I, the boy of a beloved male parent murdered, Prompted to my retaliation by Eden and snake pit # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( 1079, line 535 ) . Again, Hamlet is oppugning non merely his saneness, but his function in life. He besides inquiries the intent of his role-madness or vindictive boy? He had already pledged retaliation, but once more acquiesces, # 8220 ; Must like a prostitute unpack my bosom with words And autumn a-cursing, like a really drab, A scullion! # 8221 ; ( 1079, line 542 ) . Hence, Hamlet ( ever wanted to state that! ) , is now call on the carpeting function playing, although he now realizes he may supply cogent evidence of Claudius # 8217 ; guilt through function playing by the participants. Hamlet so devises a program to utilize the participants to reprobate Claudius via a drama, # 8220 ; The drama # 8217 ; s the thing wherein I # 8217 ; ll catch the scruples of the King # 8221 ; ( 1080, line 561 ) . Before the drama is performed, Hamlet has an intercourse with Ophelia, and offers some prophetic statements, # 8220 ; To be, or non to be # 8230 ; # 8221 ; . Clearly, in this most celebrated Shakespeare monologue, Hamlet displays ideas of ego that inquiries the worth of life. Furthermore, Hamlet recognizes the importance of his fondnesss towards Ophelia, and in respects to Ophelia # 8217 ; s beauty, Hamlet states # 8220 ; That if you be honest and just, your honestness should acknowledge no discourse to your beauty # 8221 ; ( 1083, line 108 ) . Clearly, Hamlet is stating that so, Ophelia can be honorable and just, nevertheless ; it is virtually impossible to associate these two traits, since # 8216 ; fairness # 8217 ; is an outward trait, while # 8216 ; honestness # 8217 ; is an inward trait. He farther states # 8220 ; A, genuinely, for the power of beauty will sooner transform honestness from what it is to a prostitute that the force of honestness can interpret beauty int o his similitude # 8221 ; ( 1083, line 112 ) . Therefore, Hamlet is saying that the inner and outer ego can non be linked, yet moving or function playing, transforms 1s inner self to fit the exterior show. In this sense, Hamlet would non hold any jobs taking action, if merely he was able to move the portion. Hamlet so contradicts himself once more when he states # 8220 ; God hath given you one face, and you go do yourselves another # 8221 ; ( 1084, line 140 ) . He states that visual aspect is overriding, but chastises adult females for altering it. These transitions further Hamlet # 8217 ; s equivocal nature-he seems to back up function playing at one minute, so denounce it the following. It besides becomes clear that when Hamlet is in support of function playing, he seems primed for retribution. While back uping function playing, he say s â€Å"It hath made me huffy. I say we will hold no more matrimonies. Those that are married already-all but one-shall live† ( 1084, line 144 ) . The ‘one’ Hamlet refers to is doubtless Claudius-which supports the nexus of retribution and function playing. The following scene alludes to similar struggles, but much more subtly. In this scene, while Hamlet is reding the participant on how his lines should be read, he says # 8220 ; Suit the action to the word, the word to the action # 8221 ; ( 1086, line 15 ) . If lone Hamlet would follow his ain advice, would his struggle be subdued. This illustrates the incompatibility within Hamlet, since he maintains separation between word and actions, while recommending that others should non. Hamlet so appraises Horatio for his objectiveness and consistence. He besides compliments Horatio for being true to himself, non being a function participant with, # 8220 ; Give me that adult male That is non passion # 8217 ; s slave, and I will have on him In my bosom # 8217 ; s core, ay, in my bosom of bosom, As I do thee # 8221 ; ( 1088, line 63 ) . At this point, Hamlet has decided he wants Horatio to watch Claudius at the drama. Hamlet remains unsure as to his uncle # 8217 ; s guilt ; furthermore, he needs cogent evidence. He wants the cogent evidence from person he ad mires and trusts. Hamlet says to Horatio # 8220 ; Observe mine uncle. If his occulted guilt Do non itself unkernnel on one address, It is a blasted shade we have seen # 8221 ; ( 1088, line 72 ) . The cogent evidence that Hamlet requires does non postpone from the function that he is supposed to play. It becomes fascinating that Hamlet # 8217 ; s uncle is to be judged upon how he acts during the drama. If Claudius is a masterful histrion and does non uncover his guilt, his life will be spared. Yet, Claudius is a hapless histrion, and when he rises during the drama Hamlet reacts with # 8220 ; What, frighted with false fire? # 8221 ; ( 1094, line 245 ) . It is as if Hamlet is stating # 8216 ; it # 8217 ; s merely a drama, it is non existent # 8217 ; . Hamlet does advert something to this consequence with his old lines # 8220 ; Your stateliness, and we that have free psyches, it touches us non # 8221 ; ( 1093, line 221 ) . This cogent evidence drives Hamlet to more words, this clip mentioning to killing, # 8220 ; Now I could imbibe hot blood # 8221 ; ( 1097, line 356 ) . Again, Hamlet associates these actions with that of a function, in this case, the function of Nero, # 8220 ; The psyche of Nero enter this house bosom # 8221 ; ( 1098, line 360 ) . Again subsequently, Hamlet talks himself out of character and does non kill Claudius. He # 8216 ; puts it off # 8217 ; until later yearss and provinces # 8220 ; When he is intoxicated asleep, or in his fury, Or in th # 8217 ; incestuous pleasance of his bed, At game a-swearing, or about some act That has no gusto of redemption in # 8216 ; t-Then trip him, that his heels may kick at Eden, And that his psyche may be damned and black # 8221 ; ( 1101, line 88 ) . Hamlet is expecting Claudius to suit the portion of the scoundrel. His action is virtually paralyzed whenever something or person does non suit the portion. Hamlet needs his retaliation to be dramatic, so that he can eventually acquire into his function and play it out. After Hamlet backs out of killing Claudius, he says to his female parent # 8220 ; O shame, where is thy bloom? # 8221 ; ( 1104, line 85 ) . Here, he is voicing his displeasure for his female parent non merely get marrieding his uncle, but for non being true to herself. Again, Hamlet is beliing himself. He has been-throughout the first two-thirds of this play-ambiguous and untrue to himself. At this occasion, he is still unsure as to how to continue. Hamlet is caught in his interior convulsion of moving out his function, and objectiveness. Finally, Hamlet # 8217 ; s ideas and actions are placed in order, and he makes the determination to continue the fate his male parent had proclaimed. Hamlet makes this momentous determination while watching the soldiers traveling off to conflict, # 8220 ; The at hand decease of 20 thousand work forces That for phantasy and a fast one of celebrity, Go to their Gravess like beds, battle for a secret plan Whereon the Numberss can non seek the cause , Which is non tomb plenty and continent To conceal the slain? O, from this clip forth My ideas be bloody or be nil worth! # 8221 ; ( 1116, line 62 ) . Hamlet grounds that these soldiers fight and decease merely because that is at that place fate-regardless if the secret plan of land is undistinguished. He realizes what his function is. Hence, he does non waver in his strong belief upon his return from England, and to the full embraces his function. Upon his confrontation with Laertes, he says # 8220 ; This is I, Hamlet the Dane # 8221 ; ( 1138, line 236 ) # 8211 ; intending the true King of Denmark. This action by Hamlet is appropriate for person every bit wronged as he was. In his reaction to Ophelia # 8217 ; s decease, Hamlet once more displays behaviour that reinforces his function. She was his true love involvement, and possibly loved her more than her brother. This is illustrated by Hamlet # 8217 ; s statement # 8220 ; I loved Ophelia. Forty thousand brothers Could non with all their measure of love Make up my amount # 8221 ; ( 1139, line 251 ) . Hamlet concedes that he should hold loved her, but did non. Had Hamlet gen uinely loved Ophelia, he would non hold treated her so harshly. Hamlet is now committed to function playing, and portraying love for her at this clip, fits the function. In the staying scenes of this drama, Hamlet is steadfast in his function. He has but minutes to associate to Horatio his narrative of flight, before he is challenged by Laertes. Hamlet is left without options, in respects to Laertes # 8217 ; challenge-he must support his award. Hamlet enters this lucifer, but more significantly, accepts the function of his destiny-to putting to death Claudius, and revenge the decease of his male parent. Survival in this drama is based on one # 8217 ; s ability to function drama. Polonius was unable to adhere to his function of advisor, and attempted to convert Claudius that Hamlet was enamored with his girl. This led Polonius to descry on Hamlet, and since he was non successful in that venture, it cost him his life. Ophelia evidently was unable to bear the load of her male parent # 8217 ; s decease, and that her true love was the 1 who had killed him. This resulted in her obvious delve into insanity, which resulted in her decease. Claudius was unable to successfully hide his guilt, therefore Hamlet had the cogent evidence he needed to face him. Yet, the sarcasm of Shakespeare # 8217 ; s calamity prevarications within the chief character. If Hamlet had acted as the shade of his male parent had ab initio ordained, no 1 except Claudius would hold perished. Therefore, Hamlet simply verged on the threshold of madness-spurned by his pursuit for the truth, that lies within us all.

Thanksgiving essays

Thanksgiving essays Thanksgiving is one of Americas most treasured holidays and traditions. While there are some constants in the way we observe the day, it can mean different things to different people. The American Thanksgiving holiday began as a feast in the early days of the American colonies almost 400 years ago. In 1620, a boat filled with more than 100 people sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from England to settle in the New World. This religious group had begun to question the beliefs of the Church of England and they wanted to separate from it. The pilgrims settled in what is now the state of Massachusetts, and their first winter in the New World was difficult. They had arrived too late to grow any crops, and without fresh food, half the colonist died from diseases which the contracted on the voyage from England. The following spring the Iroquois Indians befriended the pilgrims and taught them how to grow corn, something the colonist never had done before. They showed them other crops to grow in the unfamiliar soil and how to hunt and fish. In the autumn of 1621, plentiful crops of corn, barley, beans and pumpkins were harvested. The colonists had much to be thankful for, so a feast was planned. They invited the local Indian chief and 90 Indians. The Indians brought deer to roast with the turkeys and other wild game offered by the colonists. The colonists had learned how to cook cranberries and different kinds of corn and squash dishes from the Indians. In following years, many o f the original colonists celebrated the autumn harvest with a feast of thanks. After the United States became an independent country, Congress recommended one yearly day of thanksgiving for the whole nation to celebrate. George Washington suggested the date November 26 as Thanksgiving Day and then in 1863, at the end of the long civil war, Abraham Lincoln asked all Americans to set aside the last Thursday in November as...

The Original Jurisdiction of the U.S. Supreme Court

The Original Jurisdiction of the U.S. Supreme Court While the vast majority of cases considered by the U.S. Supreme Court come to it in the form of an appeal to a decision by one of the lower federal or state appeals courts, a few but important categories of cases can be taken directly to the Supreme Court under its â€Å"original jurisdiction.† Original jurisdiction is the power of a court to hear and decide a case before it has been heard and decided by any lower court. In other words, it is a court’s power to hear and decide a case before any appellate review. The Fastest Track to the Supreme Court As originally defined in Article III, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution, and now codified in federal law at 28 U.S.C.  § 1251. Section 1251(a), the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over four categories of cases, meaning parties involved in these types of cases can take them directly to the Supreme Court, thus bypassing the usually lengthy appeals court process. In the Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress made the Supreme Courts original jurisdiction exclusive in suits between two or more states, between a state and a foreign government, and in suits against ambassadors and other public ministers. Today, it is assumed that the Supreme Courts jurisdiction over other types of suits involving the states was to be concurrent or shared, with the state courts. The categories of cases falling under the Supreme Court’s original jurisdiction are: Controversies between two or more states;All actions or proceedings to which ambassadors, other public ministers, consuls, or vice consuls of foreign states are parties;All controversies between the United States and a state; andAll actions or proceedings by a state against the citizens of another state or against aliens. In cases involving controversies between states, federal law gives the Supreme Court both original- and â€Å"exclusive†- jurisdiction, meaning such cases may be heard only by the Supreme Court.   In its 1794 decision in the case of Chisholm v. Georgia, the Supreme Court stirred controversy when it ruled that Article III granted it original jurisdiction over suits against a state by a citizen of another state. Both Congress and the states immediately saw this as a threat to the sovereignty of the states and reacted by adopting the Eleventh Amendment, which states: â€Å"The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.†Ã‚   Marbury v. Madison: An Early Test An important aspect of the Supreme Court’s original jurisdiction is that its Congress cannot expand its scope. This was established in the bizarre â€Å"Midnight Judges† incident, which led to the Court’s ruling in the landmark 1803 case of Marbury v. Madison. In February 1801, newly elected President, Thomas Jefferson - an Anti-Federalist - ordered his acting Secretary of State James Madison not to deliver commissions for appointments for 16 new federal judges who had been made by his Federalist Party predecessor, President John Adams. One of the snubbed appointees, William Marbury, filed a petition for a writ of mandamus directly in the Supreme Court, on the jurisdictional grounds that the Judiciary Act of 1789 stated that the Supreme Court shall have power to issue †¦ writs of mandamus ... to any courts appointed, or persons holding office, under the authority of the United States.† In its first use of its power of judicial review over acts of Congress, the Supreme Court ruled that by expanding the scope of the Court’s original jurisdiction to include cases involving presidential appointments to the federal courts, Congress had exceeded its constitutional authority.  Ã‚   Few, but Important Cases Of the three ways in which cases may reach the Supreme Court (appeals from lower courts, appeals from state supreme courts, and original jurisdiction), by far the fewest cases are considered under the Court’s original jurisdiction. On average, only two to three of the nearly 100 cases heard annually by the Supreme Court are considered under original jurisdiction. However, many are still important cases. Most original jurisdiction cases involve border or water rights disputes between two or more states, meaning they can only be resolved by the Supreme Court. For example, the now famous original jurisdiction case of Kansas v. Nebraska and Colorado involving the rights of the three states to use the waters of the Republican River was first placed on the Court’s docket in 1998 and was not decided until 2015.   Other major original jurisdiction might involve lawsuits filed by a state government against a citizen of another state. In the landmark 1966 case of South Carolina v. Katzenbach, for example, South Carolina challenged the constitutionality of the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965 by suing U.S. Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach, a citizen of another state at the time. In its majority opinion written by revered Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Supreme Court rejected South Carolina’s challenge finding that the Voting Rights Act was a valid exercise of Congress power under the enforcement clause of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Original Jurisdiction Cases and Special Masters’ The Supreme Court deals differently with cases considered under its original jurisdiction than those reaching it through its more traditional â€Å"appellate jurisdiction.† In original jurisdiction cases dealing with disputed interpretations of the law or the U.S. Constitution, the Court itself will usually hear traditional oral arguments by attorneys on the case. However, in cases dealing with disputed physical facts or actions, as often happens because they have not been heard by a trial court, the Supreme Court usually appoints a â€Å"special master† to the case. The special master- usually an attorney retained by the Court- conducts what amounts to a trial by gathering evidence, taking sworn testimony and making a ruling. The special master then submits a Special Master Report to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court then considers the special master’s ruling in the same manner as a regular federal appeals court would, rather than conducting its own trial. Next, the Supreme Court decides whether to accept the special master’s report or to hear arguments over the disagreements with the special master’s report. Finally, the Supreme Court decides the case by voting in its traditional manner, along with written statements of concurrence and dissent. Original Jurisdiction Cases Can Take Years to Decide While most cases that reach the Supreme Court on appeal from lower courts are heard and ruled on within a year after being accepted, original jurisdiction cases assigned to a special master can take months, even years to settle. The special master must basically â€Å"start from scratch† in handling the case. Volumes of pre-existing briefs and legal pleadings by both parties must be read and considered by the master. The master may also need to hold hearings in which arguments by the lawyers, evidence, and witness testimony may be presented. This process results in thousands of pages of records and transcripts that must be compiled, prepared and weighed by the special master. For example, the original jurisdiction case of Kansas v. Nebraska and Colorado involving disputed rights to water from the Republican River was accepted by the Supreme Court in 1999. Four reports from two different special masters later, the Supreme Court finally ruled on the case 16 years later in 2015. Thankfully, the people of Kansas, Nebraska, and Colorado had other sources of water.

Pets and health and lifestyle Speech or Presentation

Pets and health and lifestyle - Speech or Presentation Example The social impact of pet ownership will first be discussed followed by its positive effects on the physical and mental health of an individual. Pets form an underlying reason for social interaction between people. Thus they tend to make an individual socially active. For example when people take their dogs for a walk, they tend to stop and talk to other dog owners. This leads to social contact and helps a person to become active. Such interactions are also a common sight at pet shops or at veterinary clinics. Another important aspect linked with animals that enhances social skills is the fact that people find it easier to interact and talk to people who are walking with their pets. This is because it is a common notion that people who own pets are nice and caring (Fetters 2014, Robinson and Segal 2014). Physical activity is another benefit linked with owning pets and this improves the physical health of an individual. Pets require attention and no matter whether the pet is a dog or a parrot, a person has to perform some activity for them. This prevents a person from total physical inactivity. An added benefit is for the people who take their animals like cats and dogs for walks. A study has revealed that people who take their dogs for walks have a lesser probability of gaining excessive weight in comparison to the normal population (Fetters 2014). Pets have a significant role in stress reduction and in preventing anxiety and thus they are important in maintaining good psychological health as well. Being alone makes an individual depressed and thus the partnership of an animal keeps a person busy and prevents depression. Not only this, people who stay isolated from others seek comfort by staying with their pets. It has been suggested that spending time with pets and playing with them helps to relieve stress by altering the hormone levels in the body and making an individual energetic (Fetters 2014). To sum up, it can be understood that

Assingment 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assingment 4 - Assignment Example This paper will hence focus on how the leadership skills will lead to technical competence by a leader. The paper will also show an evaluation of the skills against my own skills and how I will acquire and/ or strengthen my skill of leadership as I progress in my future leadership. In order to be an effective leader, one needs to possess various leadership skills. In addition, a team leader needs to exhibit distinct leadership traits, behavior, styles and qualities. As a leader one needs to be able to provide awareness of unity to all members of the team. The members will also have the ability to develop interpersonal relationship where every member gets a chance to learn from each other and contribute to work. In order to enhance togetherness towards achieving our common goal, a leader must portray leadership qualities and skills. The leadership skills include: listening ability, awarding credit to the team members, honesty, effective communication, ability to stick to strategies an d goals, ability to beat anxiety and shape character, service oriented, accountable and responsible, empathy, and keeping cool. In using these leadership skills a team leader needs to adopt various leadership styles to ensure the team achieves their goals effectively and efficiently. A combination of different styles of leadership works well in any environment especially where the public is involved. Some of the leadership styles used in showing the mentioned skills include: authoritarian style of leadership, a leader in this case remains strict and offer close regulation and control, policies and procedures given to the team members. In order to attain success, close supervision is necessary; a leadership style of democracy is another one, here a leader involves team members in decision making through enhancing team members’ interest and practicing social equity and equality. This style will also include debate, discussion and sharing of encouragement and ideas of the team s o as the team can feel good about their involvement in the team. Transactional leadership style will allow for motivation of the team members through a reward system. These leadership styles will be combined with the leadership skills in order to bring about the technical competence of the leader and the success of the team. Leadership skills such as listening ability, awarding credit to the team members, honesty, effective communication, and ability to stick to strategies and goals are very important for a leader who is looking forward to technical competence. For instance, listening ability skill; the leader will often pay much attention to their teams. The team members may be holding grievances among them that may impact on the success of the tasks assigned. When a leader listens to his or her team members, he or she gives them a chance and opportunity for innovations and continuous improvement. Such leaders encourage learning from each other through sharing experiences of gains and losses as well. Team members become close and open to their leader when the leader shows willingness to listen and handle their concerns and issues affecting their tasks. Therefore it’s vital for a leader to have the skill to listen to their followers. Another effective leadership skill for effective

Is there a Link between Season of Birth and Depression?

Is there a Link between Season of Birth and Depression? Jaanki-Radha Patel Lay Abstract There have been a number of studies conducted to find causes for, and reasons behind depression, and why it affects so many people around the world. One suggestible cause is season of birth. Some studies have shown that the environment can affect ones risk of developing depression, as humans grow a great deal during their first year of life, and the environment varies greatly depending on the season. This literature review will gather together these studies, discuss their findings and analyse their reliability in order to discern the possibility of a link. Scientific Abstract Introduction Mental illness has increasingly become a more prominent aspect of health in the past decade, and with this, investigative research into its origins and causes has surged. A single consideration of this is season of birth, as it has been recorded a number of times that varying factors, both during pregnancy, and postnatally, have significant impacts upon the brain, in both structure and function. Depression is known as the worlds largest leading cause of disability, affecting 350 million people worldwide.[1] This, in itself, is enough reason to consider research into the causes behind depression as vastly important to both medicine and society. Further investigation into mental health and its causation can provide better care to patients, as well as improving and increasing awareness of the devastating effects of depression worldwide. Whilst there are number of theories surrounding the causes of depression, it has become evident that no single factor is necessarily causative; furthermore, a correlation does not necessarily determine causation. This literature review will discuss season of birth and the hand it may play in mental illness, and more specifically, depression. Studies over the years have suggested a relationship between a birth in the autumn and winter months with an increased risk of developing mental illness, particularly in those with a genetic predisposition. These studies will also be appraised with regards to their approach to research, and the relative accuracy and reliability of their results; thus providing us with a more conclusive view on how season of birth could link to depression. There are a number of suggestions of how season of birth could affect ones health, some of which are more established within the scientific community; as example of such is that of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). SAD is defined as recurring episodes of major depression during certain times of the year, more specifically, in winter. The pathological mechanisms behind SAD are believed to be changes in exposure to light; this notion is fortified by the resounding success of light therapy, which has been the focus of seasonal affective disorder treatment since the 1980s.[2][3] Research has found that patients with seasonal affective disorder were more frequently born in the autumn or winter, and less often in the spring or summer, compared with atypical depression. It was therefore concluded that when genetic factors were accounted for, season of birth could play a part in the development of SAD. However, more   research was required to observe the underlying mechanisms for this correlation. Further investigation into season of birth and its potential relationship with mental health has since been performed, and there are various suggestions as to how season of birth can affect exposure of light, infection and nutrients to a developing foetus, and a newborn child. These studies have found a correlation between changes in exposure to environmental factors to specific diseases such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In fact, it was found that risk of developing schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder later in life followed a seasonal distribution; hence directing towards an environmental factor as being potentially causative in disease. Vitamin D As the seasons change, the climate in which a foetus or young child develops, also changes; there are alterations in diet, sunlight, and infection. Researchers also found evidence that suggests that vitamin D deficiency could be causative in the development of psychiatric conditions.      Ã‚   Vitamin D has previously shown itself as pivotal in healthy neurodevelopment of the foetus.[4] The role of vitamin D was only found to have a significant impact on the risk of schizophrenia; whilst links were found to bipolar affective disorder, they were not as significant, and some factors, such as increasing latitude,[5] are believed to have much a much greater impact upon the risk of developing psychiatric conditions.[6] Nevertheless, as vitamin D is crucial in healthy neurodevelopment, it is of note that patients with mental illnesses are shown to have differences in brain structure, more specifically, structural differences in the left superior temporal gyrus.[7] The variations in brain development and structure were observed to have produced marked differences in personality traits and neurobehavioural disorders. An example of this was that males born in the autumn and winter exhibited a larger volume of the superior temporal gyrus; this area of the brain contains the auditory cortex, responsible for interpretation of human language and social interactions.[8] It is fundamentally through the effects of both genetic expression environmental factors, such as perinatal photoperiod, that there are morphological variations in this region, resulting in differences in social interactions and behaviour.[9] It is through these findings that the following question arises; could treatment of vitamin D deficiency during gestation, and during the first few years of life have a significant enough effect upon neurodevelopment, so as to prevent the acquisition of psychiatric conditions? Neurodevelopmental Effects There are many ways in which cranial structure varies as a result of season of birth. A number of studies have displayed changes in brain structure linked to season of birth, with visible differences seen on MRI.9 There are also a number of changes to the brain on a physiological level. Patients with depression have been found to have reduced volumes of the hippocampus and amygdala, as well as changes in brain physiology; more extreme responses to the stress hormone, cortisol, and upregulation of the HPA axis. It is widely established that patients with psychiatric conditions have variations in brain structure relative to the normal population, most characterised by the HPA axis, a feedback interaction between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the   adrenal cortex. This interaction is initiated through the release of corticotropic-releasing-hormone (CRH), into the blood of portal circulation by the parvocellular neurosecretory neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. In response to this, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released by the anterior pituitary gland. This results in an excessive release of glucocorticoids (cortisol) into the blood. The increased concentrations of cortisol results a release of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain, and dysregulation of the amygdala. The dysregulation of the HPA axis frequently is a result of stress, which can be defined as any environmental factor that induces stress on the body. Such stresses can include imbalances in nutrition or exposure to infection, both of which could affect the developing foetus or neonate in a profound way. As patients born in the autumn and winter are found to have an increase in exposure to infection, reduced exposure to sunlight (in the northern hemisphere) and a poorer diet relative to those born in the warmer months, a link between season of birth and the increased activity of the HPA axis, and by proxy, depression, becomes evident. The hippocampus and amygdala, two crucial parts of the brain, are components of the limbic system, responsible for emotions and social interactions. It is through their reduced volumes that feelings such as despair and distress remain unregulated, fundamentally resulting in depression. Is it believed that the reduced volume of these parts of the brain are a consequence of a lack of neuroplasticity in patients with depression, as it is disrupted. It is through this that the hippocampus and amygdala are markedly smaller in patients with depression than the normal population. Neuroplasticity allows pruning of synaptic connections that are used less often, and the strengthening of connections used most often. It is believed that under stress, a patient with depression fails to make these adaptations to stressful stimuli, and instead, cell atrophy occurs the reduction or shrinkage in cell size; resulting in a reduced volume of the hippocampus and amygdala. It is through this that the hippocampus and amygdala are markedly smaller in patients with depression than the normal population, thus preventing any recovery, as negative feelings begin to dominate the psyche. The changes in brain structure have multiple causes; it has been found that patients with a reduced volume of the hippocampus and amygdala have so due to modified behavioural expression of dopaminergic interactions. Due to the presence of proinflammatory cytokines, there is an increase in the activity of the monoamine oxidase enzyme (MAO), resulting in reduced levels of serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine. The cytokines also reduce levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), responsible for neuronal growth; this leads to a reduction in neurogenesis, and hence a reduction in hippocampal volume. The dyregulated hippocampus and amygdala maintain abnormal levels of glucocorticoids, neurotrophic factors, and cytokines, thus creating a vicious cycle in which patients develop a depressive state from which it is difficult to recover. As brain structure has such a profound effect upon a patients likelihood to develop depression, and the structure of the brain is intricately linked with season of birth, it could be argued that season of birth would indirectly alter the risk of developing depression, with a birth in the winter months causing an increase. It has been found that treatments for depression and other psychiatric conditions also contribute towards cranial structure. Antidepressants, such as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), have been shown to improve the neuroplasticity of the brain in patients with depression, thus preventing the dysregulation of the limbic system, relieving symptoms such as anhedonia and avolition. SSRIs inhibit the 5HT reuptake transporter (5HTT, SERT), which would normally allow for the breakdown of serotonin, in the synaptic terminals of neurones in the brain. Through this,   there is a sustained increase in extracellular serotonin, and increased action of serotonin within the synaptic cleft. Long-term use of antidepressants has been shown to causes changes in the volumes of the hippocampus and amygdala, as BDNF levels rise to allow for neurogenesis. This allows for the restoration of normal action of serotonin.These changes in brain structure further fortify the belief that cran ial structure has a powerful impact upon the likelihood of depression; as season of birth itself can affect the development of the brain in utero, it can be argued that a patients season of birth could potentially increase or reduce their likelihood of developing depression. The Circadian System The regulation of circadian rhythms can be altered in those with mental illnesses; studies have shown that patients with major depressive disorder and SAD have altered function of the circadian clock. There are a number of genes responsible for biological rhythms and light sensitivity, and those for melanopsin have been found to have variations in their expression. The circadian clock is the means of which allow humans to follow a routine; located in the hypothalamus, it is a key component of homeostasis, allowing organisms to maintain their sleep cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and other important functions. Circadian periodicity is dictated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus. The suprachiasmatic nucleus evokes responses in neurons synapsing in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), also in the hypothalamus.   These neurones modulate other neurones in the superior cervical ganglia (SCG), those axons project to the pineal gland. This mechanism ultimately results in the secretion of melatonin into the bloodstream. Melatonin levels increases as the light in the environment decreases, peaking in the early hours of the night. Melanopsin is a photopigment found in intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in the retina, and is involved in responses to light in the environment, more specifically, circadian photoentrainment and the pupillary reflex.   (Hattar et al., 2003; Lucas et al., 2003; Panda et al., 2002, 2003). It has been found that variations in melanopsin function could be connected to differences in light sensitivity between individuals. Variations in circadian photoentrainment can occur as a result of sequence variations in genes mediating expression of melanopsin.   (Hatori Panda, 2010) Studies have found that in humans, short wavelength light (blue light) during the dark phase acutely causes alertness, even in humans who are blind.   Zaidi et al. (2007) The effect was significantly more profound in light of shorter wavelengths relative to longer wavelengths.This potentially suggests that ganglion cells in the eye that express melanopsin mediate alertness through projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and other centres in the brain responsible for sleep and alertness, such as the ventral lateral preoptic nuclei (VLPO). Both the SCN and VLPO receive direct input from the ganglion cells expressing melanopsin, and the VLPO is more specifically involved in the regulation of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.   (Lu et al., 2000) It can hence be stated that the connection from melanopsin-expressing cells to regulatory nuclei in the brain is the cause for the significant impact of light upon the circadian regulation of sleep. Variations in melanopsin function could lead to decreased alertness during periods of less environmental light such as during the winter. Furthermore, differences in melanopsin function could lead to seasonal variations in circadian timings and sleep. These factors compound and may, in turn, contribute to SAD. ( Melanopsin Gene Variations Interact With Season to Predict Sleep Onset and Chronotype) It was found that SAD patients had reduced behavioural engagement during times when days were shorter. It was interpreted that the change could be attributed to a delay in phase or slowing of homeostatic drive ( Melanopsin Gene Variations Interact With Season to Predict Sleep Onset and Chronotype) However, it was also argued that a change in chronotype across seasons could be a consequence, rat her than a cause, of reduced mood. ( Murray and colleagues (2003)) Thus, it is certainly probable that environmental light levels combined with genetic variation in the expression of photopigments such as melanopsin could affect both sleep cycles and mood, and therefore ones season of birth could impact the risk of developing depression. However, this brings into question whether this would apply to major depressive disorder itself, or more specific to seasonal disorders. Further research into the r ole of melanopsin and the effects of environmental light levels could shed some light on potential links to depression and mental health. Questions for Further Studies and Conclusions Much research has been done to investigate the possible effects of season of birth on the risk of developing depression. From these studies one could conclude that a birth during autumn or winter increases the risk of developing depression as a consequence of alteration in both brain structure, and circadian physiology. This is due to the lower light levels a neonate is exposed to, resulting in alterations in melanopsin expression and reduced levels of vitamin D. However, as these factors primarily come into play after birth, the question of environmental effects upon the mother during gestation come into play; travel, for example, from one hemisphere to the other, could result in a summer rather than a winter birth. This seems advantageous at first, seemingly providing a lower risk of developing depression, however, the stress of travel during gestation could potentially have impacts upon the developing foetus. Further to this, one could question the effects of travel shortly after birth, as the environmental factors that a child is exposed to, such as diet, infection, and light levels, drastically change; this is in combination with the stressor that is traveling itself. There are also some current limitations when conducting studies; as patients birth dates are protected by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), the accuracy of results and conclusions made is reduced. It would hence be advantageous if birth date could be used in this research as results would be significantly more accurate. Thus, it must be noted that the current investigations into season of birth and its links to depression are subject to unreliability. Taking the above factors into consideration, it can be concluded that there is potentially a link between of season of birth and depression, as some links to other psychiatric conditions have already been somewhat established. We have found that season of birth has marked effects upon the cranial structure of neonates, which then result in alterations in risk of illness. We see that the changes in structure are inherently linked to variations in the environment, which renders a link between season of birth and depression highly probable. The changes in brain structure and their physiological effects should be researched further, particularly due to the role that the circadian clock plays in depression, as an alteration in the structure of its components would further explain its effects upon risk. Circadian rhythms have been established to be intricately related to ones mental health; however, it remains unconfirmed whether changes in sleep homeostasis are causative or a consequence of psychiatric conditions. Therefore, more research should be conducted in order to understand the exact effects of environmental factors on depression and how they can alter risk; fundamentally, no steadfast conclusion can be given as of yet, but the door for further research remains open. Work Cited [1] World Health Organisation, Depression Fact sheet, Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/ [Accessed 1st March 2017] [2] Lurie SJ1, Gawinski B, Pierce D, Rousseau SJ, Seasonal Affective Disorder. 2006 Nov 1;74(9):1521-4 [3] National Institute of Mental Health, Seasonal Affective Disorder. Available from: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/seasonal-affective-disorder/index.shtml [Accessed 1st March 2017] [4] McGrath JJ, Burne TH, Feron F, Mackay-Sim A, Eyles DW (2010) Developmental vitamin D deficiency and risk of schizophrenia: a 10-year update. Schizophr Bull 36(6): 1073-1078. [5]   Davies G, Welham J, Chant D, Torrey EF, McGrath J (2003) A systematic review and meta-analysis of Northern Hemisphere season of birth studies in schizophrenia.Schizophrenia Bulletin,29(3), 587-593.. [6] Disanto, G., Morahan, J., Lacey, M., DeLuca, G., Giovannoni, G., Ebers, George C ; Ramagopalan, Sreeram V Gravenor, Mike B. (2012). Seasonal Distribution of Psychiatric Births in England (Season of Birth and Psychiatric Disease). PLoS ONE, 7(4), E34866. [7] Pantazatos, S. (2014). Prediction of individual season of birth using MRI. NeuroImage, 88, 61-68. [8] Bigler, E., Mortensen, S., Neeley, E., Ozonoff, S., Krasny, L., Johnson, M Lu, J., Provencal, S.L., McMahon, W. Lainhart, J. (2007). Superior Temporal Gyrus, Language Function, and Autism. Developmental Neuropsychology, 31(2), 217-238. [9] Christopher M Ciarleglio, John C Axley, Benjamin R Strauss, Karen L Gamble, Douglas G Mcmahon. (2010). Perinatal photoperiod imprints the circadian clock. Nature Neuroscience,14(1), 25. Case Study of Entrepreneur: Prakash Bang Case Study of Entrepreneur: Prakash Bang EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Entrepreneurship is important in the daily business environment and is plays a crucial role in the world economy. Entrepreneurship is an interesting topic as it deals with the behaviour of the firm entrepreneur and the entrepreneurs main competencies. The author seeks to find the reasons for the successes and failures of entrepreneurs in India by a special case study focus. The author seeks to find the factors essential from the set up phase to the growth phase of a firm. The author has taken a case study of an entrepreneur from India, operating in a small business environment. Entrepreneurship has played an important role in the success of the firms as well as the entire nation. Factors like the opportunity discovery realisation, the importance of networking, impact of government policies and the personality of an entrepreneur has a direct relation with the entrepreneurial process. India is a growing economy and especially after the liberalization period of 1991, there has been a ma ssive change in the outlook of the entrepreneurial and globalization motives. The legendary Indian business tycoons are now world famous and show a promising future for India. The opportunity for the growth of entrepreneurship in India is massive and the concept of entrepreneurship is considered to take off soon. Indian government has now realised the true potential of entrepreneurs and many doors are opened for driving entrepreneurship in India. Factors responsible for the success and failures will be explored in relation to the life story of an entrepreneur. Successes and Failures of Entrepreneurs- A case study focus on India Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background The word entrepreneur has Latin roots à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" entre means to enter, pre means before and neur means nerve center. Entrepreneurs are individuals who enter any business and change that businesses nerve center (Shefsky, 1994). Another book says that the word entrepreneur originates from the French and the exact meaning is the one who takes between. An entrepreneur is known as the co-ordinator of different factors of production, the risk taker, the capitalist employer, the owner- manager etc. Many writers have contributed towards the roles and concepts of an entrepreneur. Richard Cantillon and Jean Baptiste Say are considered as the most important economist writers to have contributed on the role of an entrepreneur. Other famous writers to observe the role of entrepreneurs are Kirzner, Schumpeter, Knight, Casson and Shackle. This is how the approach to entrepreneurship was developed. The entrepreneurial personality consists of the key characteristics like need for achievement, high internal locus of control, visionary, innovative etc. However, the personality criticisms observed are the ignorance of the learning, preparation, serendipity and environment factors that may be more important than a personality. Entrepreneurship is hugely influenced by the environment in which a person is developed and the culture of an individual (Deakins and Freel, 2006). Entrepreneurship is not a single concept and is defined in many different ways. In the modern usage an entrepreneur is a person who undertakes a commercial enterprise at a personal financial risk. Continuous change is essential and the development is expected in the technical, social and economical areas. This concept is dissimilar to the ancient and the medieval world where the philosophers failed to give attention to the economic matters. Historically, it is observed that the conceptions of the entrepreneur have evolved over time. The craftsman, the small scale trader, the new technologies and industries founder are all seen as entrepreneurs. As per Schumpeter, the entrepreneurs view of innovation is revolutionary and discontinuous than small scale, marginal, gradual and cumulative. Gradually this develops into large firms which become the powerhouses of innovation. This leads to a depersonalized and automatized economic progress. On a macro scale, the success of entrepreneurs is a force that prevents the economic system running down and continuously resists the approach of the classical stationary state (Casson, et al., 2008) Every economist understands that an entrepreneur is important and has a huge impact. Economists consider entrepreneurship as a meta- economic event and profoundly shape an economy. Economists not only have any explanations for the emergence of entrepreneurship which took place during the late nineteenth century but also as why entrepreneurship is not related to a particular culture or a country. However, the main reasons are rooted in the values, perceptions and attitudes in institutions (Drucker, 2006). Many economists have agreed that entrepreneurship plays the key role in developing any economy as the entrepreneurs generate jobs, create new businesses and increase productivity. It is interesting to note that almost 75% of the new jobs added to the American economy every year lead to over 99% of all the United States employers. The 2006 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) observed that entrepreneurial behaviour is very important for innovation and growth of an economy and the com panies need to take their attention towards the unexploited opportunities (America, 2008). Another entrepreneurship research paper prepared for the first GEM research conference which analysed the GDP for 36 countries, found that entrepreneurship plays a different role in countries in different stages of the economic growth and hugely affects the growth of an economy (GEM database, 2004). Therefore, it is essential to understand the main reasons involved in the successes and failures of entrepreneurs as there is a direct relation between the entrepreneurs and the economy. Entrepreneurship system evolved in the advanced economy (US) and is successful. Whereas in a developing economy like India, the entrepreneurship system needs modification as the public policies need to support the role of entrepreneurship. After analysing 100 entrepreneurs from the US and Bangalore city of India, it was observed that the Bangalore entrepreneurs started with high capital which also resulted in lower profits and they competed against the large companies in India, whereas the US entrepreneurs started with less capital, competed against the other small business owners and also resulted in higher profits. This study summarised that the failure of Indian entrepreneurs was because of unfavourable tax system, harsh rules, bad restrictions and relatively low efficiency as compared to the favourable conditions enjoyed by the US entrepreneurs (Bhidenet, 2004). However there are many critical issues as why the entrepreneurs/ businesses fail like entrepreneurial weakness, poor le adership and commitment, weak marketing and finance debt, etc (management paradise, 2007) Thus from the above arguments, we clearly understand the evolution of entrepreneurship, successful entrepreneurship leads to economic development and that many factors are involved in the overall success and failures of entrepreneurs. 1.2 Aims and objectives 1.2a Aim: To understand the reasons for the successes and failures of the entrepreneurs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" A case study focus of an entrepreneurs in India. 1.2b Objectives The research seeks to study the life story of Mr. Prakash Bang, an entrepreneur based in India with relation to the following points: To understand as how the business opportunity is discovered in the entrepreneurial process To analyse the impact of networking on entrepreneurship and the influence of the social network on the set up and expansion of business. To know as how the ideas or the links for exports are developed and the effect of the governments role for internationalization. The role model inspiration and the vision of the business. The successes and failures of an entrepreneur. 1.3 Value and Contribution The study will provide an understanding about the different stages involved in the entrepreneurs life, i.e. from the start up to the growth of a firm. The research will provide insights about the various challenges faced by a small business entrepreneur. It will also serve as a guideline to the present entrepreneurs and the individuals who wish to become entrepreneurs in future. 1.4 Structure of the study CHAPTER CONTENT Chapter 1 Introduction This first chapter gives an idea about the project. The evolution and importance of Entrepreneurship. Then, the motivation for research is specified which is based on the successes and failures of the entrepreneurs. The last part shows the aims and objectives for the research. Chapter 2 Literature Review The literature review highlights and examines the previous studies in the entrepreneurship area and relevant theories, which form the background of this study. This includes economic importance of entrepreneurship, opportunity realisation and effects, the role of bank loans, entrepreneurial personality factors, role of government policies and entrepreneurial failures. There are different views observed on the factors responsible for entrepreneurship. This chapter presents information on the issues which are related to the entrepreneurship stages. Chapter 3 Methodology The chapter describes the research methodology adopted for the study and provides justifications for the approach. Qualitative research is used to analyse the case and the primary data is collected. Finally this chapter analyses the methodology and identifies the various challenges encountered during the research. Chapter 4 Discussion of Findings This chapter discusses the findings, considering the relevant current literature. It tries to identify the reasons related to the research and findings. Chapter5 Conclusions This chapter concludes the findings of the study and states the contribution of the research. It also identifies areas required for the future research by understanding the past failures of entrepreneurs. Finally this chapter provides recommendations on which will prove useful to the successes of entrepreneurs. Chapter 2. Literature Review 2.1 Meaning and importance of entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is linked with the economic growth. An interesting study by Hicks in study of Texas sales receipts said that the highest failure rates had the highest employment growth and highest wages. It can be noted that entrepreneurship has at least a part on such benefits. It is also found that in case of failure of the entrepreneurs the consumer still get a higher valued offerings (Knott, 2008). Entrepreneurship is believed to be risky as it is highly innovative and high tech. Entrepreneurs shifts the resources from the areas of lower production to the areas of higher production. Entrepreneurship is implied to evolution and revolution. Different authors have different opinions on entrepreneurs. As per Drucker, Entrepreneurs are designers of new realities, i.e. as the introducers of a new product or process. Krizner (1973) suggested that entrepreneurs create new ways of organising economic activities. Mintzberg (1973) in line with the Schumpeterian said that the strategy of en trepreneurs is a discontinuous and radical change, which is guided by a tunnel of a vision. However, Lessem (1984) argued that entrepreneurs are experimental learners. The above views of different authors show that Entrepreneurship brings evolution as well as revolution (Klandt 1993). Entrepreneurs are the creators and leaders of the society who change the way people live, work, play and lead. Entrepreneurship evolved in America before 35 years and had a stunning impact on the cultural and the economic landscape of America. Americas entrepreneurship is now a global movement and has become a model for the business people and policymakers. It is noteworthy that EUs action plan in 2000 to be the most competitive economy by 2010 by fuelling entrepreneurial minds, encouraging more people to start their own businesses and forming more entrepreneurial friendly regulatory as well as administrative environment. Entrepreneurship has also exploded in the countries like India and China leading to a positive social and economic change (Timmons and Spinelli, 2007) 2.2 Entrepreneurship in India If we consider the example of India, it is known as the land of the successful world famous entrepreneurs like Mukesh Ambani and Lakshmi Mittal, who are currently at the top 8th and 9th position in the world as per the American magazine à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Forbes (edubook, 2009) Besides these legendary family business players many new firms are also emerging in the growing economy India. Many of the business are funded with the infusion of private equity or venture capital. However, as per the statistics from Brain and Company the venture capital market in India, has declined from US $ 17 billion in 2007 to US$ 14 billion in 2008. In spite these s many entrepreneurs like the CEO of hotmail.com are still bullish on the new ventures and assure that India for entrepreneurship still remains advantageous (Wharton, 2009) If we consider GEM 2003 statistics for India, it showed that 12.5% of the Indian population is involved in the opportunity based ventures whereas in China it was just 5.5%. The dominance of India is because of the strong entrepreneurship environment and more iconic entrepreneurs. However with the emergence of the Chinese companies like alibaba.com in which yahoo took 40% stake, China has started producing role models. In near future Indian entrepreneurs are likely to fail as compared to the Chinese entrepreneurs (insead, 2008) At this moment, India needs to have a right environment, capital access and should enable networking and exchange as well. Presently, India is a land of technologists and the businesses can survive for much longer time than any other countries (narendra, 2009) Another point to be noted is that the Indian technology firms can add value to the countrys growth because a technology product company adds faster and quicker money using small power. The main challenge here is that these firms need to be competitive in future (sramanamitra, 2007) Although the present scenario is completely different in India; during the period of 1980s to 1990s, the entrepreneurs had to face tough times as they had to obtain multiple licences and the government officers who were involved in the licence aspects were underpaid and ultimately resorted in bribery and corruption. Then the situations changed after 1990s. The main reason for the change is because the Indian business practices started changing in 1991 after extensive economic reforms. Indian economy has sustained average GDP around 9% from 2006 to 2007. In the past decade, Indias GDP has increased from 21% to 33% and the foreign exchange reserves have reached over $200 billion. In todays scenario entrepreneurship has taken off and is truly a promising market for the entrepreneurial firms. (go4funding, 2009) The growth of Indian Small Scale Industries (SSI) post liberalization, during 1994 to 2002 was over 4.1% annually and also the employment grew by 4% annually. (small sector growth in india, 2006) 2.3 Discovery of entrepreneurship opportunity and its effects In Entrepreneurship, it is necessary to understand as how the opportunities are realised by the entrepreneurs. The concept of opportunity generation is a largely overlooked aspect but is central and an important part of entrepreneurship. Opportunity generation is defined as a situation in which a person creates new means to yield profits. It is crucial to understand the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities in the life of an entrepreneur, as the characteristics of the entrepreneurial opportunities manipulate the entire entrepreneurial process. Authors like Schumpeter and Kirznerian have different view points on the role of opportunities which is represented in the table below: Schumpeterian Opportunities Disequilibrating Requires new information Very Innovative Rare Involves Creation Kirznerian Opportunities Equilibrating Does not require new information Less innovative Common Limited to discovery Table 1(Shane, 2003) Also, certain individual differences are observed in the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunity: Access to information Life experiences Social networks Search processes Opportunity Recognition Absorptive capacity Intelligence Cognitive properties Table 2 (Shane, 2003) It is important to understand the Timmons model in entrepreneurship as the opportunity is considered at the heart of the business and is driven by the entrepreneur and the entrepreneurs team. As per the Timmons model, the shape, size and the depth of the opportunity structures the necessary shape, size and the depth of the resources and the team. It is well explained in the following diagram: Many activities function in the social, economical, political and family spheres that are categorized under Entrepreneurship. Such entrepreneurial activities require a lot of effort, negotiation and are a chain of activities in relation to something that are gone before. The first stage in the entrepreneurship process is known as the opportunity formation stage, which is a commonly observed phenomenon in entrepreneurship and the business venturing process. The formation of opportunity is relationally and communally constituted. However, this argument is not fully considered in descriptive or linear process models of opportunity recognition. As per the studies of some authors, an opportunity is discovered due to a persons cognitive skills, organizational learning process and networking skills or career choices. These frame works formulate opportunity recognition process. The problem in such frameworks is that they fail to take a wider picture of societal, economic or cultural structur es and patterns that shape entrepreneurship (Fletcher, 2006). Although, the opportunity generation strategies are important in entrepreneurship, the effects of such strategies are neglected in the entrepreneurship area. It is interesting to note that the performance of a venture is strongly influenced by the opportunity discovery strategies. An observation on three entrepreneurial firms showed that the growth of an entrepreneurial firm is affected positively by proactive search approach of entrepreneurs. We can easily understand the effect of proactive search on the performance of new ventures in the diagram below. The high beta value (.67) shows that the proactive search approach of an entrepreneur is the most important catalyst for the growth of a new venture. It should be also noted that in a similar way, the competitive scanning affects the newness values of a firm (Puhakka, 2007) 2.4 Factors for successful entrepreneurship and its effects Many successful business entrepreneurs like the Bill Gates and Richard Branson manage to expand their firms very quickly and with gigantic success. The reasons for their high growth success are: a) They had an entrepreneurial character within themselves. Moreover, the adapted to the change as per the growth of their business. b) They had an effective business culture which is considered as very important influential leadership tool in a firm. Their enterprise cultures had thorough foundations to grow and were obsessed with the aim of being successful in the long run. c) Also, they had an expert management team and sound financial control systems. The interesting point to note is that these firms knew as why the customers buy from them and not from their competitors. d) Lastly they had very strong strategies which helped their firms to lead towards the successes and growth stages (Burns 2006). Also, other reasons to be successful as an entrepreneurial management are as follows: a) It should be focussed on the market. b) It requires a financial prudence and specially planning for the cash flow and the future needs for capital. c) It needs a well constructed top management team, before the new ventures requirement and before it can afford one. d) The founder or the entrepreneur should have a decision in respect to his own role, area of work and relationships. (Drucker,2008) Success of a venture also depends on the leadership attributes of an entrepreneur and it is said that the successful business is a reflection of the leader (Advancing women, 2006) However, the business success does not always depend on the leaders vision. This is because a creative entrepreneur develops a product which is in great demand and also produces a product which is efficient and profitable. (Business management, 2008) There are different views of entrepreneurs on the success of a business venture. Example: It is interesting to note the view of the young entrepreneur Jasdeep Singh Bhatia whose article was selected for the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Enterprising British Summit 05. He said that a real entrepreneur has drive and motivation within him and knows his vision (news bbc, 2005) Another example is of the Successful entrepreneur Andy McLoughlin, who believes in his vision and has always followed his father as a role model who inspired him to start his own business (Make your mark, 2009). However; in case of Scarlet, who was nominated for Barclays Inspire award said that she was determined and believed in herself to set up business in spite of the difficulties in her life (Ne business, 2009). The above views of different entrepreneurs show that entrepreneurs define success in many different ways and the concept of entrepreneurship is a complex issue. Although the concept of entrepreneurship is difficult to understand, it plays an important role in the success of a nation. Entrepreneurship leads to the economic growth in many ways. Entrepreneurs enter and expand the existing markets leading to increased competition and economic efficiency. Also, new markets are often explored by offering innovative products. Statistics have shown that 14% of the entrepreneurs starting a business declared that their product had no direct competition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a clear indication of the creation of new markets. Lets consider US as an example: The last fifteen years have been robust in the set up of new ventures. Many statistics have shown that in the last ten years new business start ups approached nearly 600, 000 per year. Today, the numbers of businesses in the US have soared more than 20 million and the growth rate is at 2 percent. As per the National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB), more than half of all businesses employ less than five people and almost 90% of the firms have fewer than 20 people. The s mentioned in the table below give us a better idea in terms of the new jobs created and the size of business in the US from the years 1980 to 1995 (Kuratko and Hodgetts,2007). (SIZE OF BUSINESS) Years New Jobs (000s) 20-499Employees 500+ Employees 1990 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1995 6,853 49% 27.5% 23.5% 1988 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1990 2,666 153.8 -31.9 -18.8 1986 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1988 6,169 24.1 20.8 55.1 1984 1986 4,611 35.5 16.8 47.7 1982 1984 4,318 48.8 27.9 23.3 1980 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1982 1,542 97.9 -2.4 4.5 Table 3 Source: NFIB Small Business Policy Guide (Washington, D>C., November 2000), 31 From the above statistics we can conclude that the small businesses entrepreneurs have successfully created new jobs leading to the strong economic conditions in the US. However, it is interesting to note that as per the report of Missouri Economic Research and Information Centre (MERIC) the Small Businesses and the Entrepreneurial Growth Companies (EGC) are two different concepts. As per the MERIC report, the owners of EGCs have significant economic effects on a community by accounting for a large creation of new job growth whereas Small Businesses target controlled growth and continuous profitability (MERIC, 2009). In reference to the US job creation statistics mentioned earlier, one of the reasons for the success of entrepreneurship in the US is due to the strong support of the US Small Business Administration (SBA) to its entrepreneurs. SBA was created in 1953 as an independent agency of the federal state government and has a vast network of partnership of public and private companies. Also, SBA has many loan assistant programmes and recently, President Obama came up with the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 to help the small business owners with tax relief plans to overcome the losses (SBA, 2009). Whereas, if we compare support of Indian government to its entrepreneurs, not only there are very few loan programmes available but also no serious initiative was taken in the crisis situation to help entrepreneurs (Business gov, 2009) This is one of the main reasons for the success of the American entrepreneurs and the failure of Indian entrepreneurs. 2.5 Entrepreneurship scenario in growing economies and role of banks If situations mentioned above continue in India, the entrepreneurs may highly fail due to less support available. Also, it is also observed that the Indian government shows very low interest to the ideas of individuals. A very good example to support the above statement: An individual from India shifted to a small south Asian country as he did not get support from Venture Capital funds in India. As a result, this entrepreneur is now moving his company base and will offer employment to the locals of another country (Trak, 2009). From the above points it is clear that the role of government is very important for the success of entrepreneurs and the country. Support from the banks is also very essential especially in the growing economies for successful entrepreneurship because the bank loans are a source of external funding for small and medium size business. Another interesting point is that many entrepreneurship studies involved in the research of emerging economies have suggested that personal relationships and networks with other entrepreneurs, bankers, government, friends and relatives may play an important role for the lending institutions as well as the borrower. A case study of small and medium enterprises in Vietnam showed that different networks accomplish different purposes and therefore it is necessary to align the networks as per the requirements in the various stages of business. As per the research paper, networking with customers and government officials helps (use of bank loan) to improve business performance whereas networking with suppliers and society reduces the need for a bank loan (shown in the below) (Le, N. T. B . Nguyen, T. V. 2009) Bank loan is important for the venture set up. In India, statistics have shown that 41% of the business owners seek for sources of finance. However, the criticism to the bank loan is that a forum of Private Business found that taking a bank loan is not an attractive option because only 26% of the people found the charges of bank are good value for money (Deakins and Freel, 2005). Also, there is a problem for the high technology firms to get loan from the banks because the banks require collateral or a good track record with business propositions. Most of the fast growing businesses grow due to retained profits (Bhide 2000- p 364- Oxford). If we consider another option of investment, i.e. venture capital with reference to India, venture capitalists firms do not fund for the start up enterprises, unless an IT business. The venture capitalists firm think that IT businesses have good growth prospects in India and therefore are a safe funding option (Silicon India, 2009) Previously we have seen that networking is a crucial element in the success of entrepreneurship. However, another study concluded that if we consider the importance of networking and the three areas network relationships, governance and structure, then the focus of network development process over the venture gestation, formation and the growth life cycle of a firm receives less attention 2.6 Entrepreneurial personality factors and its importance In entrepreneurship, there are several factors that can be controlled besides the personality traits and parents (Knott, 2008). In entrepreneurship it important to understand the personality factors of an entrepreneur. Some studies have concluded that 20% of variance in the intentions of entrepreneur origin can be seen by the personality origin of an entrepreneur. However, this ratio drops down to zero while explaining business success. It is found that the personality factors depend on the start up intentions of an entrepreneur. A group of researchers on the basis of configuration- theory approach observed that the personality characteristics of an entrepreneur gradually decrease from the start up phase to the business growth stage. (Refer 5) Also for the development of the business intentions, correct measures need to be taken in schools and university in order to foster the personality characteristics of an entrepreneur. (Refer 6) (Frank, 2007) In todays world, entrepreneurship besides the start up intentions and the personality characteristics of an entrepreneur is also influenced by the global economy. Trading in the global economy or the international market requires understanding of different cultures, risk taking and economic production methods. The process of internationalisation is a progression of stages and a gradual process which begins from an established domestic market. Traditionally, a small firm enters overseas markets through agents to gain knowledge for opening its own subsidiary firm. Then in the final stage overseas production is started. This is well explained in the diagram below: The entrepreneurship concept though interesting has many challenges or problems. In 1971, author Frank Knight said that entrepreneurship judgement is a natural complement to the theory of the firm. However the challenge is whether the entrepreneurs insight is incorporated or not, as there are problems related to the modelling issues like the judgement and entrepreneurial experimentation (Muzumdar, 2008) 2.7 Internationalization of a firm and international entrepreneurship The internationalization process is also influenced by the networks of the entrepreneurs. The knowledge of internationalization can be gained through partnerships or in relation to the business networks. The importance of networks is that they are good source of information, linked to opportunities and vision. Social networks have crucial contribution in making a big difference towards the success. It is noteworthy that the entrepreneurs and the managers understand that firms cannot perform alone and social networks are an important element in a firms international success. Therefore firms should involve in the networking process by taking part in specialized conferences to promote their credibility in the international market. The diagram below shows the three roles of social networks related to the firm, entrepreneur and the entrepreneurial team and the High Tech Small Medium Enterprises (HTSME). In this it is shown that the information is received from the external sources, mainly through the networks. Then the information is used by the lead entrepreneur and his / her team, based on the prior knowledge, experience and thoughts. During this time the information is also gained from t